ALI- ALIENS. 



Ill 



command to Kavanos Oglu. This commander dis- 

 missed the capitani and tlieir bands, with cruel 

 threats, compelling them to make restitution to the 

 Turks for the loss which they had before occasioned 

 them. Hereupon they went over to A., especially 

 after they beheld the insurrection of the Hetaria, 

 and aided him in the field against the Turks before 

 Vanina. Kavanos Oglu could then do nothing 

 against the rebels. The valiant Beba Paciia, his 

 successor, died suddenly, after the capture of Arta, 

 which Veli, A.'s son, liad defended. The savage 

 Khurschid, Pacha of the Morea, who was hated by 

 all the Greeks, now advanced against the city with 

 12,000 men. But every attack was repulsed by 

 A.'s brave troops, and the capitani, strengthened by 

 the Suliotes, suddenly attacked the Turkish camp. 

 Immediately the Hetaria (q. v.) called all Greece to 

 arms. The Turks were now compelled to throw 

 themselves into the strong places, and Khurschid 

 retreated, Aug. 1821, with the remains of his army, 

 out of Epirus into Macedonia. The Albanians 

 alone, whom A. had beguiled with empty promises, 

 left the tyrant. Khurschid Pacha attacked Yanina 

 with a new army. The Greeks gave up A.'s cause 

 for lost He then determined, persuaded, perhaps, 

 by his wife, Wasilika, who was a Greek, to treat 

 w ith Khurschid. On receiving assurances, confirm- 

 ed by an oath, that his property and his life should 

 be spared, he surrendered his fortress to the pacha, 

 Feb. 1, 1822, and retired to liis summer-palace in 

 the lake of Yanina. Here Khurschid's lieutenant, 

 Mehmet Pacha, made known to him the sentence 

 of death pronounced against him by the sultan. A. 

 put himself on his defence, but was cut down, with 

 six companions. This happened Feb. 5, 1822. The 

 head of the rebel was sent to Constantinople. The 

 Porte took possession of A.'s treasures. His sons, 

 Veli and Muchtar Pacha, had come into the power 

 of the Turks, in 1820, when the strong places of A. 

 were taken, and lived afterwards in exile, in Asia 

 Minor. But attempting, by means of a Greek dis- 

 guised as a dervise, to form a connexion with the 

 party of their father, they were executed in Aug., 

 1821. A.'s grandson obtained from the Porte, in 

 1824, permission to retire to Larissa with A.'s 

 widow, Wasilika. Pouqueville, in his Histoire de 

 la Regeneration de la Grece, vol. i., paints a dread- 

 ful picture of A's barbarity, falsehood, and love of 

 revenge. H*e says that A. caused a Greek lady 

 Euphrosyne, and fifteen other women, to be thrown 

 into the sea, because they appeared to have too 

 much influence over his son Veli. Since his mother 

 was an Albanese, and his father a Turk, from this 

 double relationship, he seized on all property left by 

 persons dying, on pretence that the testator was his 

 relation, by the mother's side, if he happened to be a 

 Greek, or on his father's side, if a Turk. In this 

 way A. amassed vast quantities of furniture and 

 utensils, and occasionally held a market for the sale 

 of these effects. A Jew was his treasurer. If he 

 saw a beautiful maiden whom he wished to possess, 

 his executioner, who was always at his side, went to 

 the parents, and said, " Your daughter has pleased 

 AH ;" whereupon the daughter was sent to him, or 

 the whole family were obliged to fly. The writer 

 of this knows two families who were compelled to 

 fly in this way. He took possession, in the same 

 summary mode, of every thing which struck his 

 fancy. This favourite of fortune had great endow- 

 ments from nature. He united a remarkably enter- 

 prising spirit with equal penetration ; an extraordi- 

 nary knowledge of men and things with determination 

 and courage ; great firmness with great adroitness. 

 But he was false, suspicious, implacable, and blood- 

 thirsty from ambition and avarice ; every means 



pleased him alike, provided that it led him to his 

 object with quickness and safely. The dissensions 

 of his enemies, the corruption of the divan, and the 

 political weakness of the Porte, were the corner- 

 stones on which this modern Jugurtha built up his 

 ephemeral greatness. 



ALIAS (Latin), otherwise ; often used in the trial 

 of criminals, after one name and before another, to 

 signify that they have more than one appellation ; 

 as, John, alias Thomas. 



AUBI (Latin), elsewhere, in law, denotes the 

 absence of the accused, at the time of the crime 

 committed, from the place where he is charged with 

 having committed it. 



ALICANT, or ALICANTE (ancient Lttcentum) ; a 

 city and port on the Mediterranean sea, Ion. 29" 

 W., lat. 38" 21' N., with 17,300 inhabitants, situated 

 in the Spanish kingdom of Valencia, with a castle 

 which was formerly strong, but has fallen to decay 

 since the war of the Spanish succession. It is the 

 see of a bishop. The liarbour is good. The mari- 

 time nations of Europe have all of them consuls 

 here. The principal article of export is sweet wine, 

 called Alicant, and also, from its dark colour, vino 

 tinto, which is, for the most part, sent to England. 

 Charles V. first planted the vines, bringing shoots 

 from the Rhine. A. is important as the emporium 

 of Valencian produce, and the central pobit of the 

 commerce between Spain and Italy. 



ALICONDA ; an African tree, of an immense bulk, 

 a native of Congo. Of the bark a coarse thread is 

 made ; the shell or rind of the fruit may be made 

 into a nourishing pap, serves for vessels of various 

 kinds, and gives an aromatic taste to water preserv- 

 ed in it. The small leaves are used as food in time 

 of scarcity, the large ones to cover huts, and, being 

 burned, make good soap. 



ALIENS. The legislation of a nation in regard to 

 aliens is a criterion of its civilization. All uncivilized 

 nations treat the alien as an enemy, as out of the 

 protection of law. Some difference, however, is 

 universally made between aliens and natives ; e. g., 

 some states require the alien to give sureties when 

 he institutes a criminal prosecution against a citizen. 

 In some, he cannot become a guardian, or a witness 

 of a will ; the protection of the law may be denied 

 him, and he himself be banished from the country. 

 The alien, also, has no right to enjoy certain advan- 

 tages, granted by the state to the citizen, in addition 

 to the general protection of tfie laws ; for instance, 

 the benefit of institutions of education, poor-houses, 

 &c. Some countries treat aliens with unreasonable 

 severity, by throwing obstacles in the way of their 

 admission, by rendering naturalization difficult, and 

 by depriving them of personal security. Although 

 the right ofa state to forbid the entrance of aliens, 

 even under pain of death, as in China and Japan, 

 may be abstractly defended, the policy of exercisin g 

 such a right can be justified only to a very limited 

 extent. A high degree of civilization can be attain- 

 ed only by a free and active intellectual intercourse 

 among nations, in like manner as their true pros- 

 perity is best promoted by a free and active com- 

 merce. All the progress made by one nation, whe- 

 ther in the production of raw materials, or hi the art 

 of preparing them, or in scientific discovery, is ad- 

 vantageous to every other nation, if they only pernut 

 perfect freedom of intercourse. In our days, civi- 

 lized states rarely oppose the personal entrance of 

 aliens ; but the liberty of commercial intercourse is 

 still imperfectly understood. In respect to naturali- 

 zation, several states have had peculiar causes if 

 caution ; such, for instance, as the excessive influence 

 of a foreign power, or the occupation of a throne by 

 a foreign dynasty. The following are the principal 



