ALL IN THE WIND ALLEGORY. 



115 



command is more generally given by the boatswain 

 piping down the hatchway. 



ALL IN THE WIND; the state of a ship's sails 

 when parallel to the direction of the wind, so as to 

 shake and shiver by turning the ship's head to 

 windward, either by design or neglect of the helms- 

 man. 



ALL SAINTS' BAY, or Ba/iia da Todos Santos ; a 

 bay on the coast of Brazil, province of Bahia. It is 

 secure and large enough for a great number of ships. 

 Lou. 38 50' W. ; lat. 13 KX S. 



ALL SAINTS, Feast of. After the persecution, 

 in the 4th century, against the Christians in the 

 Roman empire, had ceased, the Sunday after Whit- 

 suntide was appointed to commemorate the holy 

 martyrs. Chrysostom's 74th homily was delivered 

 -on such an occasion and shows how far they were 

 from being objects of adoration, A. D. 380. This 

 feast was introduced into the western church, in 610, 

 by Boniface IV. The emperor Phocas had pre- 

 sented the Pantheon, in Rome, to this pope, who 

 made a church of it, and dedicated it as such, 

 March 4, to the honour of the virgin and all the 

 martyrs. This church still exists under the name 

 of Rotunda, or Maria de Martiri. Gregory IV., in 

 835, appointed Nov. 1st for the celebration of this 

 feast, and consecrated it to all the saints and angels. 

 In order that it might be generally celebrated, 

 Gregory solicited the emperor Louis le Debonnaire 

 to confirm it. About the year 840, we find this feast 

 in the calendar of the monk Wandelbert. About 

 870, it was introduced into England. 



ALL SOULS ; a feast celebrated on the 2d of 

 November, in commemoration of all .the faithful de- 

 ceased. It was instituted in the llth century. 



ALLA BREVE is the proper designation of the 

 time of a piece of music, in which the breve is equal 

 to a semibreve in f time ; and is to be played in a 

 movement of twice the usual rapidity ; so that a 

 breve is played as fast as a semibreve, a semibreve 

 as fast as a minim, and so on. It is usual, in this 

 mode of time, to prefix to the piece a designation, 

 that resembles a C with a perpendicular line through 

 it, but is intended to represent a circle bisectea; 

 sometimes also a 2 , or large 2, or f . It is, however, 

 distinct from two-minim time, which is also often 

 called alia breve time, and may be designated by 2, 

 and C with a perpendicular line through it; but the 

 vjiliic of the note corresponds with the designation. 

 Besides, the expression alia capella is sometimes 

 used ; by which phrase is meant, tliat though the 

 notes in their proportional magnitude are the same 

 as in the ancient psalm tune, yet they are not to be 

 given in the choral style as sung by the congrega- 

 tion, but more lively, as is usual in the chapel style. 



ALLAH, or ALLA, in Arabic ; the name of God, 

 the Creator of all nature, of whom Mohammed says, 

 he is the only being who derives his existence from 

 himself, and has no equal. All creatures are made 

 by him. He is lord of the material and spiritual 

 universe; and Mohammed inculcates obedience to 

 him as the one true God, the Author of his religion. 

 The word is compounded of the article al, and the 

 word Ela&f wliich signifies (he Adored, and the 

 Adorable, and is synonymous with the singular of the 

 Hebrew word Elohim. 



ALLAN, David, a Scottish historical painter, w;is 

 bom at Alloa in 1744. Some early efforts of his 

 genius having attracted attention, he was sent to 

 the Messrs Foulis's academy of painting and engrav- 

 ing, in Glasgow, where he remained seven veins. 

 He afterwards visited Italy, where lie passed sixteen 

 years in pursuing his studies, and copying the remains 

 uf antiquity, aim the old masters. \Vhile at Rome, 

 in 1 7 73, he received a gld medal, for the best speci- 



men of historical composition. On his return, he 

 established himself at Edinburgh, where he died, in 

 1796. His illustrations of the Gentle Shepherd, the 

 Cotter's Saturday Night, and other sketches of 

 rustic life and manners in Scotland, in aquatinta, 

 obtained for him the name of the Scottish Hogarth. 

 His principal painting is the Return of the Prodigal 

 Son. The subject of his prize composition, which is 

 much admired, is the Origin of Painting. 



ALLATIUS, or ALLACCI, Leo, a Greek physician, 

 librarian of the Vatican at Rome, and a professor in 

 the Greek college there. He was a native of the 

 island of Scio, and died in 1669, aged eighty-three. 

 He published a variety of works, chiefly on church 

 history. It is told of him, that he used but one pen 

 for upwards of forty years, ai.d shed tears when it 

 became entirely unserviceable. 

 ALLAY. See Alloy. 



ALLEGHANY, or APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS ; A 

 range of mountains in the United States. They 

 commence in the northern part of Georgia and 

 Alabama, and run north-east to the state of New 

 York, nearly parallel with the sea-coast, about 900 

 miles in length, and from 50 to "MO in breadth. 

 They divide the rivers and streams of water, which 

 flow into the Atlantic on the E., from those which 

 flow into the lakes and the Mississippi on the W. 

 These mountains are not confusedly scattered and 

 broken, but stretch along in uniform ridges, for the 

 most part scarcely half a mile high. The several 

 ridges are known by different names, as Blue ridge, 

 Allegheny ridge, north mountain, Jackson's moun- 

 tain, Laurel mountain, Cumberland mountains, &c. 

 For the geological structure of these mountains, 

 see North America. 



ALLEGHANY ; a river which rises in Lycoming 

 county, Pennsylvania, winds through the south part 

 of New York, turns again into Pennsylvania, runs 

 S. W., and unites with the Monongahela at Pitts- 

 burg, to form the Ohio. It is navigable for keel 

 boats of ten tons to Hamilton, in New York, 260 

 miles above Pittsburg. Its most important brandies 

 are the Kiskimenetas, and Toby's and French creeks. 

 ALLEGIANCE (from alligare, to bind) ; the obedi- 

 ence which every subject or citizen owes to the 

 government of his country ; in England and the 

 United States, obedience to its lawful commands. 

 It is the doctrine of the English law, that natural- 

 born subjects owe an allegiance which is intrinsic 

 and perpetual, and which cannot be divested by any 

 act of their own. It has been a question frequently 

 and gravely argued, both by theoretical writers and 

 in forensic discussions, whether the English doc- 

 trine of perpetual allegiance applies in its full extent 

 to the citizens of the United States of America. 

 From an historical review of the principal discussions 

 in the federal court of the United States on this in- 

 teresting subject in American jurisprudence, the 

 better opinion would seem to be, that a citizen can. 

 not renounce his allegiance to the United States 

 without the permission of government, to be de- 

 clared by law ; and that, as there is no existing 

 legislative regulation on the subject, the rule of the 

 English common law remains unalter,ed. (See 

 Kent's Commentaries, vol. ii.) If an alien wishes to 

 become a citizen of the United States, he must re- 

 nounce his allegiance to the government whose sub- 

 ject he lias been, as long as two years before he, 

 can be admitted to take the oath of allegiance to the 

 government of the United States. 



ALLEGORY (from the Greek xx, something else, 

 and a,yopn, to speak) ; a figurative representation, in 

 which the signs (words or forms) signify something 

 besides their literal or direct meaning. Irony is 

 distinguished from allegory by conveying a meaning 

 p C2 



