AN ACLETUS ANALOGY. 



151 



in ingenious self torture; e.g. in eternal silence, 

 heavy chains, severe flagellations, singing psalms in 

 jcold water during winter nights, &c. Tantum reli- 

 gio potuit sttadere malorum ! This species of devo- 

 tion, originally introduced, as we liave said, from the 

 warm climate of the East, found many more adhe- 

 rents in the south of Europe than in the north. With 

 the revival of science, and the consequent diffusion 

 of more liberal views, the strictest kind of anachorets 

 liave almost entirely disappeared. Few men now 

 retire to any seclusion more strict than that of a 

 convent. Some persons, who pass a solitary life in 

 the neighbourhood of Rome, call themselves ancho- 

 rites ; but in India, the pnctice still prevails in all 

 its severity. 



ANACLETUS ; there were two popes of this name. 

 The first is said to have suffered deatli as a martyr, 

 A. D. 91. All the other stories respecting him, 

 e. g. that he divided Rome into twenty-five parishes, 

 are uncertain. The second, the grandson of a bap- 

 tized Jew, at first called Peter de Leon,vms& monk 

 , in Clugny, a cardinal and papal legate in France and 

 England, and, in 1130, competitor for the papal 

 chair, against Innocent II. Rome, Milan, and Sicily 

 were on his side, and Roger of Sicily received from 

 him the royal title. He also maintained himself 

 against Lothaire II., and died 1138. 



ANACOLUTHON, in grammar and rhetoric ; a want 

 of coherency. This often arises from want of atten- 

 tion on the part of an orator or author. Such an 

 omission may proceed from passionate feeling, and 

 the anacoluthon may then become .a beauty. Many 

 anacolutha are peculiar to certain languages. 



ANACREON, whom the Greeks esteem one of their 

 nine greatest lyric poets, was born at Teos, in Ionia, 

 and flourished about 500 B. C. Polycrates, king of 

 Samos, invited him to his court, and bestowed on 

 him his friendship. . Here A. composed his songs, 

 inspired by wine and love. After the death of his 

 protector, he went to Athens, where he met with the 

 most distinguished reception from Hipparchus. The 

 fall of the Tatter drove him from Athens, and, pro- 

 bably, he returned to Teos. But when Ionia revolt- 

 ed from Darius, he fled to Abdera, where he passed 

 a gay and happy old age, and died in his 85th year. 

 According to tradition, he was choked by a grape- 

 stone. The city of Teos put his likeness upon its 

 coins ; his statue was placed on the Acropolis, in 

 Athens, and he was held in honour throughout 

 (i recce. Only a small part of his works has come 

 down to us. Of five books, there are sixty-eight 

 poems remaining, under the name of A. Among 

 these, criticism acknowledges but few as genuine. 

 Those generally believed to be A.'s are models of 

 delicate grace, simplicity, and ease. The difficulty 

 of attaining these excellencies is proved by number- 

 less unsuccessful imitations, unworthy of the name 

 of Anacreontics. The measure in which A. com- 

 posed his poems, and which is called after him, is 

 commonly divided into three iambuses, with a cae- 

 sura. But, according to Hermann, it consists of the 

 Ionic a majore, with the anacrusis : 



Among the best editions are that of Spolettr, Rome, 

 1781, 4to ; that of Fischer, Leipsic, 1793 : and that 

 of Brunck, Strasburg, 1786, last edition. The 

 latest are that of Moebius, 1810, and that of Mehl- 

 horn, 1825. The best English translations of Ana- 

 creoa are those of Cowley, Fawkes, and Thomas 

 Moore. 



ANADYOMKNE (Greek ; she who comes forth) ; a 

 name given to Venus, when she was represented as 



; rising from the sea. Apelles painted her rising 

 j from the waves, and, according to some writers, 

 ' Campaspe, the mistress of Alexander, according to 

 others, the famous -courtesan Phryne, served him as 

 a model. Of the latter it is related, that she threw 

 oft' her clothes, at a feast in honour of Neptune at 

 Eleusis, in presence of many spectators, loosened her 

 hair, and bathed in the sea, in order to give the 

 painter a lively idea of the Venus Anadyomene. In 

 the reign of Augustus, this picture was brought to 

 Rome. Antipater of Sidon, in the Anthology, and 

 also other poets, have celebrated its beauty. 



ANAGNOSTA, or ANAGNOSTES, in antiquity; a kind 

 of literary servant, whose chief business it was to 

 read to his master during meals. They are first 

 mentioned by Cicero. Atticus, according to Corn. 

 Nepos, always had an anagnostes to read to him at 

 supper. In many convents, one of the monks still 

 reads aloud, while the others take their meal. Char- 

 lemagne, too, heard reading during dinner and sup- 

 per, generally on historical subjects. 



ANAGOGY (from the Greek v and u.yu) ; one of 

 the various modes of interpreting the text of the 

 Bible. To explain anagogically, means to apply 

 the literal sense of the text to heavenly things ; for 

 instance, to treat the Sabbath as a symbol of the 

 rest in heaven. Of such explanations, frequent use 

 was made in earlier times, particularly in sermons 

 and religious books. The bride and the bridegroom, 

 in Solomon's Song, were and are often still referred 

 to Christ.as the bridegroom, and to his church as the 

 bride ; and the application of this figure was fre- 

 quently carried to an indelicate extreme. Even now, 

 such extravagancies of a disordered imagination 

 seem to be favoured, in many places, by the spirit 

 of mysticism. Anagogy, in medicine, signifies the 

 return of humours, or the rejection of blood from the 

 lungs by the mouth. 



ANAGRAM (from the Greek and ya/t^) ; in 

 its proper sense, the letters of one or several words 

 read backwards; thus, evil is an anagram of live. 

 In a wider sense, it means a transposition of -letters, 

 to form a new word or phrase ; for instance, tone and 

 note. An anagram is called impure, if, in their 

 transposition, all the letters of the given words are 

 not used. In former times, such plays of ingenuity 

 were popular, and we frequently find, in old inscrip- 

 tions, the year and date indicated by means of an 

 anagram. An anagram of "Berolinum is Lumen 

 orbi. Calvin, in the title of his Institutions, called 

 himself Alcuimts, by arfanagram of his name, C'alvi- 

 nus. In a similar way, the words Revolution Fran- 

 caise include the words Un Corse la Jinira, and the 

 significant P'eto. The question of Pilate to Christ 

 Quid est verilas ? gives the anagram Est vir qui 

 adest. Dr Burney s anagram of Horatio Nelson is 

 one of the happiest; Honor est a Nilo. The name 

 of fVilliam Noy, attorney-general to Charles I., a 

 laborious lawyer, affords the anagram, linoyl (toil) 

 in law. A very curious work respecting the subject 

 of this article is, Z, Celspirii (Christ. Serpilii) de Ana- 

 grammatismo Libri ii. quorum prior TAeoriam, pos- 

 terior Anagrammatographos celebriores, cum Appen- 

 diee selectorum Anagrammatum exhibet ; Ratisbona 1 , 

 1713, in 8vo> 



ANALECTA (from the Greek aAiy, I gather) ; 

 extracts from different works ; e. g. analecta of phi- 

 losophy, of history, and of literature. A periodical 

 of the famous philologist, Wolf, was called Analecta. 

 With the ancients, analecta signified a servant, 

 whose business it was to gather up what fell from 

 the tables, at meals, as the pavements of the Roman 

 floors sometimes were too finely inlaid to admit of 

 sweeping. 



ANALOGY originally denotes a relation, similarity. 



