ANAMORPHOSIS ANATOMY. 



153 



menta Analyseos suoliaiioris, Leipsic, 1799, 4to. 

 Nuniberger's Exposition of the Formation of all de- 

 rived Functions, Hamburg, 1821, treats this subject 

 in a new point of view. For A. in chemistry, see 

 Chemistry. 



ANAMORPHOSIS ; a perspective projection of any 

 thing, so that it shall appear at one point of view de- 

 formed ; at another, an exact representation. 



ANANAS, in botany ; a species of'bromelia, com- 

 monly called pine-apple (q. v.), from the similarity 

 of its shape to the cones of firs and pines. 



ANAPAEST. See Rhythm. 



ANAPHORA (Greek, ava^x, repetition) ; a rhetori- 

 cal figure, which consists in the repetition of the same 

 word or phrase at the beginning of several succes- 

 sive sentences. A similar repetition at the end of 

 -sentences is called epiphora, or homoioteleuton. Ana- 

 phora is sometimes used as the general name for 

 both figures ; the former is then called epanapAora. 

 The anaphora aims to increase the energy of the 

 phrase, but is often rendered ineffectual by too fre- 

 quent repetition. 



ANASTASIUS I., emperor of the East, succeeded 

 Zeno, A.D. 491. He distinguished himself by his 

 moderation towards different Christian sects, whose 

 quarrels at that time disturbed the peace and safety 

 of the Byzantine empire. Moreover, he repealed a 

 very heavy tax, called chrysargyrum, and prohibited 

 the fighting with wild beasts. He died A.D. 518, 

 after a reign of twenty-seven years. A. II. was 

 another emperor of the East, dethroned by Theodo- 

 sius, in 719, and afterwards put to death A., sur- 

 , named Bibliothecarius, a Roman abbot, keeper of the 

 Vatican library, and one of the most learned men in 

 the 9th century, assisted, in 829, at the fourth gener- 

 al council, the acts and canons of which he translated 

 from the Greek into Latin. He also composed the 

 lives of several popes, and other works, the best 

 edition of which is that of the Vatican, 4 vols. fol. 

 1718. 



ANATHEMA (cursed by God) is the form of excom- 

 munication from the church. Hence, to pronounce 

 the anathema, or to anathematize, means, in the Ro- 

 man Catholic church, to excommunicate the living 

 from the church, and the dead from salvation. How 

 important an instrument of spiritual power the ana- 

 t.hcma was, in the hands of the popes, in the middle 

 ;ip;<>s, how much disorder they gave rise to, and how 

 little they have been regarded in modern times, is 

 matter of history. Napoleon died in excommunica- 

 tion, and yet a priest attended him, and the circum- 

 stance is hardly mentioned. Originally, the word 

 was applied to various persons and things separated 

 from ordinary life or uses to the will of a real or 

 supposed deity, a gift hung up in a temple, and 

 dedicated to some god, a votive offering ; but as the 

 word is derived from atariStipi (to separate), it has 

 been, in later ages, used for expulsion, curse. The 

 Greek and Roman Catholic churches both make use 

 of the anathema, in, the latter it can be pronounced 

 only by a pope, council, or some of the superior 

 clergy. Tiie subject of the anathema is declared an 

 outcast from the Catholic church, all Catholics are 

 forbidden to associate with him, and utter destruc- 

 tion is denounced against him, both body and soul. 

 The curse is terrible. Mere excommunication is 

 less severe. The heretic has also to anathematize 

 liis errors. Once in every year, the pope publicly 

 repeats the anathema against all heretics, amongst 

 whom the Protestants, Luther, &c., are mentioned. 

 When councils declare any belief heretical, the de- 

 claration is couched in the following form : Si yuis 

 dixcrit, &c. , anathema sit, which often occurs in the 

 decisions of the councils. See Excommunication. 



ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS. Dead bodies an 



of bodies, notwithstanding their tendency to decom- 

 position, can be preserved by art. It is important to 

 the physician, for the determination of the medical 

 treatment proper in similar cases, to preserve the or- 

 gans, which liave been attacked by diseases, in their 

 diseased state, and, as a" counterpart, the same organ 

 in its sound condition. The anatomical preparations 

 of healthy parts may serve for instruction in anatomy. 

 Preparations of this sort can be preserved either by 

 drying them, as is done with skeletons, or by putting 

 them into liquids, e. g., alcohol, spirits of turpentine, 

 &c., as is done with the intestines and the other soft 

 parts of the body, or by injection. The injection is 

 used with vessels, the course and distribution of 

 which are to be made sensible, and the shape of 

 which is to be retained. The beginning of the ves- 

 sel, e. g., the^aorta among the arteries, is filled, by 

 means of a syringe, with a soft, coloured mass, which 

 penetrates into all, even the smallest branches of the 

 vessels, dries them and makes them visible. The 

 finest capillary vessels may be thus made perfectly 

 distinguishable. The infusion usually consists of a 

 mixture of soap, pitch, oil, and turpentine, to which 

 is added a colouring substance ; for instance, red for 

 the arteries, green or blue for the veins, white for 

 the lymphatic vessels. For very fine vessels, e. g., 

 for the absorbing lymphatic vessels, quick-silver is 

 preferred on account of its extreme divisibility. 

 Dried preparations are the bones, cleared of all the 

 soft parts by boiling, and bleached, or any of the soft 

 parts, covered with a protecting but transparent var- 

 nish ; e. g., muscles., intestines, &c. The quicker 

 the drying of the organs destined for preparation can 

 be effected, the better they will be preserved. For 

 the purpose of preserving them, alcohol is used ; the 

 more colourless, the better. Spirits of wine, distil- 

 led with pepper, or very strong pimenta, are also 

 used, together with some muriatic acid. Washing 

 with acids (lately, pyro-ligneous acid has been used) 

 gives to the preparation sometimes firmness, an' 1 

 sometimes whiteness. Washing is particularly ne- 

 cessary with bones which are in a state of putrefac- 

 tion. Muscles are usually tanned ; and all that is in 

 danger of being eaten by worms, or injured by a 

 damp atmosphere, is covered with a suitable varnish. 

 The preparations treated thus are fixed upon a solid 

 body, or in a frame. Preparations preserved in 

 liquids are usually kept in transparent glasses, her- 

 metically sealed, to secure them from the destroying 

 influences of dust, air, humidity, heat, cold, the sun, 

 insects, &c. Damaged preparations can seldom be 

 perfectly restored. 



ANATOMY (Greek, avari/m/*, to dissect) ; the art of 

 dissection ; that of brutes is frequently called zootomy. 

 Anatomy is a part of natural history, and is one of 

 the most important branches of the science of medi- 

 cine. The dissection of the human body was but 

 little practised by the ancients. The old Egyptians 

 held it hi great abhorrence, and even pursued with 

 stones those men, who, in embalming the dead, were 

 obliged to cut open their bodies. The Greeks were 

 prevented by the principles of their religion from 

 studying anatomy, since these required them to bury 

 the bodies of the deceased as soon as possible. Even 

 in the time of Hippocrates, anatomical knowledge 

 was imperfect, and was probably derived from the 

 dissection of animals ; the skeleton, however, was 

 better known. When, in later times, under the 

 Ptolemies, Alexandria in Egypt became the seat of 

 the arts and sciences, anatomy was also brought to 

 a high degree of perfection, by Herophilus ofChal- 

 cedon, 300 B. C., and by Erasistratus of Chios. 

 According to the testimony of Celsus, the former 

 obtained permission to open living criminals. He 

 enriched anatomy with many important discoveries ; 



