J54 



ANATOMY. 



e. g. respecting tin- brain, tin- functions of the 

 nerves, the blood \es-els of tin- mesentery, which 

 go U) I IK liver, \c. Ki-isistratiis determined many 

 facts ill the tviistrnction of tin- bntin with greater 

 il-liiicm. -ss, and. among other improvements, g-.ive 

 l ( i die \al\cs in the rrtiii cum thr names which are 

 \et used. In later times, the study of anatomy was 

 again neglected, particularly by the empiric*, (ialen, 



diluted in Alexandria, born A.I). 131, collected 

 all the anatomical knowledge of 111'- contempor.iries, 

 and of earlier physicians, Itui seems not to liave much 

 enriched human anatomy himself, as lie was princi- 

 pally occupied with the dissection of animals, and 

 only applied his observations on them to the stnicture 



if the Imman body. Among the Arabians, anatomy 

 was not practised; it was forbidden by their religion. 

 Tiic.r physicians, therefore, took their anatomical 

 information merely from the writings of the Greeks, 

 particularly from those of (ialen. Thus anatomy 

 was checked in its progress for several centuries. 

 Finally, in the fourteenth century, individuals arose, 

 who, not satisfied with the anatomical instruction of 

 the age, ventured to make investigations of their own. 

 The superstitious fear of the dissection of human 

 corpses, which had hitherto prevailed, appeared to 

 subside by degrees, when a philosophical spirit gave 

 birth to more liberty of thought. Mondini di Luzzi, 

 professor at Bologna, first publicly dissected two 

 corpses, in 1315, and soon afterwards published a 

 description of the human body, which for a long 

 time was the common compendium of anatomy, 

 though many errors were contained in it. From this 

 time it became customary, in all universities, to make 

 public dissections once or twice a year. Anatomy, 

 however, made but slow progress, since the dissec- 

 tions were intended only as illustrations of the writ- 

 ings of Galen and the compendium of Mondini. 

 MiintHgnana alone, professor at Padua in the 15th 

 century, could boast of having performed fourteen 

 dis-ertions, which was then a great number. In the 

 Kith century, there were many celebrated anatomists, 

 by whose influence the study of anatomy became 

 more general. Fallopia, Eustachia, Vesal, Varol, 

 and many others enriched anatomy with new disco- 

 veries. In the 17th century, there were likewise 

 many famous anatomists, and many discoveries were 

 made ; thus Harvey discovered the circulation of the 

 blood, Wirsung the pancreatic duct, Schneider the 

 mucous membrane, &c. In the 18th century, Pacchi- 

 oni, Valsalva, Keil, Lancisi, Ruish, Haller, Boer- 

 haave, Vicq-d'Azir, the two Hunters, and others, 

 distinguished themselves by their skill in anatomy. 

 Meckel, Sommering, Loder, Reil, Bichat, Rosen- 

 uiuller, are worthy to be mentioned as renowned 

 anatomists of later times. According to the parts of 

 the body described, the different divisions of anatomy 

 receive different names ; as, osteology, the description 

 of the bones ; myology, of the muscles ; desmology, 

 of the ligaments and sinews, &c.; splanchnology, of 

 the viscera or bowels, in which are reckoned the 

 lungs, stomach, and intestines, the liver, spleen, 

 kidneys, bladder, pancreas, &c. Angiology describes 

 the vessels through which the liquids in the human 

 body are conducted, including the blood-vessels, 

 which are divided into arteries and veins, and the 

 lymphatic vessels, part of which absorb the chyle 

 from the bowels, while others are distributed through 

 the whole body, absorbing the secreted humours, and 

 carrying them back into the blood. Neurology de- 

 scribes the system of the nerves and of the brain ; 

 dermology, of the skin. Comparative anatomy is the 

 soence which compares the anatomy of different 

 classes or species of animals ; e. g. that of man with 

 quadrupeds, or that of fish with quadrupeds. It is a 

 science which has greatly increased our knowledge 



of nature, and affords one of the most interesting 

 subjects of study. Among anatomical labours are 

 particularly to be mentioned the making and pre- 

 serving of anatomical preparations. (i|. v.) By pre- 

 paring, we mean the separating of any organ, or of 

 an entire system, or of single parts, from all the 

 oilier parts of the Ixxly. Tims, for instance, the 

 whole system of hones, cleared from all the adherent 

 muscles, tendons, and other parts, is prepared, and 

 Called the skr/rtnn ; so, loo, the mihclcs, nerves, 

 intestines, their vessels and distributions are laid open 

 in order to examine their peculiar construction. 

 These labours require considerable anatomical know- 

 ledge. Explanation of the anatomical plate (No. HI.) 

 Fig. 1. 1. Os Frontis. 2. Sutura coronal is. 3. Os 

 Vcrticis. 4. Sutura squamosa. 5. Os Temporis. (i. 

 Processus mamillaris. 7. Os Malae. 8. Ossa Nasi. 

 9. Ossa Maxillaris superior,!. 10. Os Maxillae infe- 

 rioris. 11. Vertebrae Colli. 12. Vertebrae Lum bo- 

 rum. 13. Os Sacrum. 14. Sternum. 15. Scapula. 

 16. Costae verse. 17- Costze nothse. 18. Claviculse. 

 19. Processus coracoideus. 20. Os Humeri. 21. 

 Ulna. 22. Radius. 23. Os Ilium. 24. Crista Ossis 

 llii. 25. Ischium. 26. Os Pubis. 27. Foramen 

 magnum. 28. Os Femoris. 29. Trochanter major 

 30. Trochanter minor. 31. Patella. 32. Tibia. 

 33. Fibula. 34. Talus. 35. Os Calcaneum. 36. 

 Ossa Tarsi Fig. 2 1. Os parietale. 2. Sutura 

 sagittaiis. 3. Sutura lambdoidalis. 4-. Os occipitis. 

 5. Sutura squamosa. 6. Maxilla inferior. 7. Ver- 

 tebrae Colli. 8. Vertebrae Dorsi. JK Vertebrae Lum- 

 bonim. 10. Os Sacrum. 11. Os Coccygis. 12. Cla- 

 vicula. 13. Scapula. 14. Spina Scapulae. 15, 

 Acromion. 16. Os Humeri. 17. Ulna. 18. Radius. 

 19. Ossa Carpi. 20. Ossa Metacarpi. 21. Ossa Di- 

 gitorum. 22. Ilium. 23. Ischium. 24. Os Femo- 

 ris. 25. Collum Ossis Femoris. 26. Trochanter 

 major. 27. Trochanter minor. 28. Condylus exte- 

 rior Ossis Femoris. 29. Condylus interior Ossis Fe- 

 moris. 30. Tibia. 31. Fibula. 32. Os Calcaneum. 

 33. Ossa Tarsi. 34. Ossa Metatarsi. Fig. 3. 1. 

 Frontales. 2. Orbicularis Palpebrae. 3. Zygomati- 

 cus major. 4. Nasales Labri superioris. 5. Depres- 

 sor Labri inferioris. 6. Depressor anguli Oris. 7. 

 Platisma myoides. 8. Pectoralis. 9. Latissimus 

 Dorsi. 10. Serratus magnus. 11. Externus obliquus 

 abdominis. 12. Rectus abdominis. 13. Pyrami- 

 dales. 14. Linea alba. 15. Gracilis. 16. Adductor 

 longus tricipitis Femoris. 17- Pectineus. 18. Psoas 

 magnus. 19. Iliacus internus. 20. Sartorius. 21. 

 Glutaeus medius. 22. Fascialis. 23. Vastus exter- 

 nus. 24.. Rectus Femoris. 25. Vastus internus. 

 26. Pars bicipitis. 27. Pars Gastrocnemii. 28. So- 

 leus. 29. Peroneus longus. 30. Extensor longus 

 digiti Pedis. 31. Tibialis anticus. 32. Deltoides. 

 33. Triceps. 34. Biceps. 35. Brachiaeus externus. 

 36. Supinator longus. 37. Pronator rottmdi Radii. 

 38. Radialis internus. 39. Palmaris longus. 40. 

 Sublimis. 41. Ulnaris internus. 42. Abductor lon- 

 gus Pollicis. 43. Radialis externus longus. Fig. 4. 

 1. Occipitalis. 2. Attollens Auricularis. 3. Or- 

 biculares Palpebrarum. 4. Latissimus Colli. 5. 

 Mastoidaeus. 6. Trapezius. 7. Deltoides. 8. Bi- 

 ceps. 9. Brachialis internus. 10. Triceps. 11. 

 Supinator longus. 12. Radialis internus. 13. Radi- 

 alis externus longior, 14. Radialis externus bre- 

 vior. 15. Ulnaris externus. 16. Abductor Polli- 

 cis longus Manus. 17. Infraspinatus. 18. Teres 

 minor. 19. Teres major. 20. Latissimus Dorsi. 

 21. Pectoralis. 22. Serratus magnus. 23. Obliquus 

 externus Abdominis. 24. Tensor vaginae Femoris. 

 25. Glutaeus medius. 26. Glutaeus magnus. 27. 

 Semitendinosus. 28. Biceps Cruris. 29. Vastus ex- 

 ternus. 30. Rectus Cruris. 31. Gastrocnemius. 32 

 Soleus. 33. Tendo Achillis. 34. Peroneus longus. 



