ANCHYLOSIS ANDALUSIA. 



157 



head. The intestines are removed, and the fish, 

 after being washed, are packed in ban-els like ordi- 

 nary herrings, with layers of salt and fish alternately. 

 A considerable difference is produced in the quality 

 of anchovies by the'sort of salt used, and the state of 

 the pickle in which they are kept. The fishermen 

 of Provence believe that the salt ought to be of a 

 red colour, which is generally caused oy rust of iron, 

 where salt has been prepared in iron vessels, but, for 

 their use, is mostly caused by mixing a small quan- 

 tity of ochre with the salt. They are very easeful, 

 also, not to change the pickle, merely supplying the 

 loss, from leakage or evaporation, by adding water. 

 These anchovies have a peculiar acrimony of taste, 

 which is prized by epicures. They do not keep, 

 however, so well as those packed by the northern 

 fishermen, which are cured with grey salt, and have 

 the pickle changed as often as three times. As an 

 article of diet, anchovies recently caught are eaten 

 dressed in a great variety of modes. Salted ancho- 

 vies ought to be recent, white above and reddish 

 below, and free from taint. The books of cookery 

 exhibit numerous salads, sauces, and relishes, of 

 which anchovies form a part. A very favourite mode 

 of using them is in anchovy-toast, made by spreading 

 the flesh of the pickled anchovy over bread toasted 

 brown. This is eaten as a provocative of thirst, by 

 topers, or as a stimulant to a languid appetite, by 

 persons whose stomachs are enfeebled or dyspeptic 

 from excesses. Like all other stimulants, however, 

 they soon lose their efficacy in such cases, and become 

 positively injurious. The ancient Romans made use 

 of a sauce celebrated under the name of garum, 

 which is thought, by some writers, to have been 

 prepared from the anchovy. We have made some 

 investigations on this subject, and are led to the con- 

 clusion, that this sauce was prepared from the intes- 

 tines, &c. of'fish, but by no means of any one species. 

 According to Pliny, lib. 31, cap. 3, it was originally 

 prepared from the shrimp called garum. Subse- 

 quently, the sauce was made by macerating the in- 

 testines of fish in salt and water, until they became 

 slightly putrescent, to which vinegar and parsley, 

 chopped fine, or pounded, were added. As the an- 

 chovy was caught in such abundance in the Medi- 

 terranean, this fish was doubtless sometimes used for 

 the preparation of the luxurious garum. Martial 

 speaks of it as made from the scoinbrus, or mackerel, 

 in the following words : 



Exspirantis adhnc scombri de sanguine primo, 

 Accipe fatttosum, muiicra cara, garum. 



Lib. xiii. Ep. cii. 



How well it deserved the epithet fastosum, may be 

 gathered from the statement of Pliny, lib. 31, cap. 8, 

 in which he says, that two gallons of this garum sold 

 for tingulis millibu* numnwrum, or some thousands 

 of sesterces. 



ANCHYLOSIS ; a stiffness or immobility of the joints. 

 The existence of the disease is obvious to the eye. 

 It is often connected with deformities of the limbs, 

 and, in the anchylosis of the little bones of the ear, 

 with deafness ; in that of the joint of the lower jaw, 

 with inability of chewing. The anchylosis may occa- 

 sion the decaying of a limb, bleedings, aneurisms, 

 &c., and may even become fatal. In the beginning 

 of these diseases, the patient usually suffers pain in 

 the limbs, a more or less audible rustling in moving 

 the joint affected, a feeling of weakness ad inability 

 of directing the limb as it could be done in a state of 

 health. An anchylosis usually arises from several 

 causes, and afflicts sometimes the whole body, at 

 other times one limb only. The anchylosis is some- 

 times constitutional; old people are more subject to 

 it tlian young, and the male sex than the female. 



The real anchylosis is incurable. Excessive indul. 

 genoe in animal love may contribute to this disease ; 

 but it is, for the most part, the result of inflammation 

 in the membrane lining the joints. 



ANCILLON, David, a learned Protestant minister, 

 born at Metz, in 1617. After the revocation of 

 the edict of Nantz, lie fled from France, and died at 

 Berlin in 1692. He was author or^several polemical 

 treatises of merit; and his son, CHARLES, who was 

 historiographer to the king of Prussia, and died at 

 Berlin in 1715, published his " Conversations," in two 

 vols., besides other works. 



ANCONA, capital of the delegation, and of the 

 former marquisate of Ancona, Ion. 13 2Q 1 E., lat. 

 43" 38' N., on the gulf of Venice, the seat of a 

 bishop, has 17,330 inhabitants, among whom are 5000 

 Jews. The city and its fine harbour are praised by 

 the most ancient writers. This harbour was im- 

 proved and beautified by Trajan ; and the grateM 

 citizens erected to him, in return, a triumphal arch 

 of white, marble, which is yet standing on the oldest 

 mole. In 1732, A. was declared a free port, and, 

 notwithstanding the frequent obstruction of the haven 

 by mud, it is visited every year by more than 1100 

 vessels, and the commerce and manufactures of the 

 city are considerable. A. has also a quarantine 

 establishment. It was always a famous fortress ; was 

 conquered and destroyed repeatedly by the Romans, 

 Goths, Lombards, and Saracens ; rose by its own re- 

 sources from its ruins, and became a republic. It 

 was, however, in 1532, taken by the pope, by sur- 

 prise, and annexed, together with its territory, to the 

 papal dominions. The siege of this place by the 

 Russians, Turks, and Austrians, in 1799, was re- 

 markable, because the Russian colours, first planted 

 on the walls of A., were pulled down by the Austrian 

 soldiers, which gave occasion to the unfortunate dis- 

 sensions of the emperor Paul with the allies. Since 

 1815, the citadel only has remained fortified. 



ANCOURT, Florent Carton d', a French actor and 

 dramatic writer, born at Fontainbleau in 1661. 

 After going through a course of education, he was 

 admitted an advocate at the age of seventeen, but 

 falling in love with an actress, he married her and 

 went upon the stage, where he soon distinguished 

 himself, and began to write for the theatres. He 

 composed fifty-two dramatic pieces, of which many 

 still keep the stage. They were published in 1710, 

 and 1750, 9 vols. 12mo. Long before his death, 

 which occurred in 1726, lie had retired from the 

 stage, and devoted himself to a life of almost ascetic 

 devotion. 



ANCCS MARTJUS, the fourth king of Rome, suc- 

 ceeded Tullus Hostilius, 640 B. C. (114 A. U.) and 

 died 618 B. C. (136 A. U.) He built the harbour 

 at Ostia, the mouth of the Tiber. Rome, therefore, 

 must have had, as early as that period, some navi- 

 gation, even if it did not amount to more than a 

 coasting trade. He revived the neglected obser- 

 vance of religion, and inscribed the laws respecting 

 religious ceremonies on tables set up in the market- 

 place. Ennius and Lucretius call him the Good. 

 Virgil reproaches him with undue regard for popular 

 favour, because he distributed the conquered lands 

 among the citizens. 



ANDA ; a tree of Brazil, the wood of which is 

 spongy and light, the flower yellow and large, and 

 the fruit a grey nut, which encloses two kernels, of 

 the taste of chestnuts, in a double rind. The fruit 

 is said to be purgative.* Oil is pressed from these 

 kernels, with which the natives anoint their limbs. 

 The rinds of the fruit, thrown into ponds, kill the 

 fish. 



ANDALUSIA (ancient Reetica) ; a province of Spain, 

 divided into Upper and Lower. Upper A. compre- 



