174 



ANGRA ANIMAL. 



11 jilace of great trade, ami the inlmbitAnts still main- 

 tain a coiiM.lt r.ible manufacture of yarn, Angora stuffs 

 an<l sliawls. It is Mipposcd that not less than 15,000 

 pieces of these latter articles are yearly made in the 

 city. The shawls are peculiarly fine, rivalling even 

 tlio-e of Cashmere, ami fabricated from the hair of 

 tlic Angora coat. The surrounding country ischiefly 

 devoted to the raising of wheat Opium, however, 

 is cultivated in the district, and large quantities of 

 honey and wax are obtained from the extensive bee- 

 lii\r- in anil near the city. A. stands on the very 

 site of the ancient Ancyra, in E. Ion. 33 18', N. lat. 

 40 4'. Numerous caravans continually pass through 

 lhi> city. 



AXUHA ; a seaport on the S. side of Terceira, one 

 of the Azores, of which A. is the capital ; Ion. 27 14' 

 \\". ; lat 38 38' N. ; pop. 11,000. The town is well 

 built, and has five parishes, a cathedral, four monas- 

 t ries, and as many nunneries. It is defended by a 

 strong castle and deep ditch. King Alphonso VI. was 

 imprisoned in this castle by his brother, Peter II. in 

 1 668. The town derives its name from angra, a creek, 

 Iwy, or station for shipping ; this bay being the only 

 < 'Hivenienthirbour in all uie Azores. The English, 

 lYcnrli, and Dutch have consuls residing here. 



AwaiLLA; the most northerly of the Caribbee 

 islands, so named from its form. It was discovered 

 in lb'50, by the English. In 1745, the militia defend- 

 ed it against the French. Some sugar is raised here. 

 I. on. G> IV W. ; lat. 18<> 15' N. There is a rocky 

 inland of the same name, one of the smaller Bahama 

 or Lncayos islands ; twenty miles long, five broad ; 

 Ion. 78" 5O 7 W. ; lat. 23 3& N.Angmlla bay lies 

 on the north side of the island of St John's, in the. 

 gulf of St I>awrence, opposite the Magdalen isles. 

 Anguilla cape ; a promontory on the west side of 

 Newfoimdland, in the gulf of St Lawrence. 



A.wriNt'M OVUM, the adder-stone ; a fabulous kind 

 of egg, said to be produced by the saliva of a cluster 

 of serpents, and possessed of certain magical virtues. 

 The superstition in respect to these was very preva- 

 lent among the ancient Britons, and there still re- 

 mains a tradition of it in Wales. This wondrous egg 

 seem* to have been nothing more than a bead of 

 glass, ased by the Druids as a charm to impose on the 

 people, whom they taught to believe that the posses- 

 M>r of it would be fortunate in all attempts. The 

 method of ascertaining its genuineness was no less 

 extraordinary than the powers attributed to it. It 

 was to be enchased in gold, and thrown into a river ; 

 and, if it was genuine, it would swim against the 

 stream. Pliny gives a similar account of it, lib. xix. c.3. 



AxiiAi.r ; under this name, the possessions of three 

 different dukes those of Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt- 

 Cothen and Anhalt-Dessau are comprehended. Be- 

 fore the right of primogeniture was introduced, in 

 the succession of the German princes, this little coun- 

 try was divided into four hereditary sovereignties, 

 but was afterwards reduced to the above-mentioned 

 three. In April, 1807, the princes of A. took the 

 tide of duke. The house has, at present, joined the 

 German confederation, and, together with Oldenberg 

 and Schwarzburg, has the fifteenth vote in the diet ; 

 in the general assembly (plenum), however, each 

 of the three houses has a separate vote. Each enjoys 

 sovereign power in its own division, yet the three 

 together form a confederation, by the terms of which 

 the right of mutual succession is secured to the lines 

 respectively, and the assembly of the states, as well 

 as the public debt of the family, put under the direc- 

 tion of the senior member of the house for the time 

 being, at present the duke of Bernburg. The ducal 

 house bears a common title and arms, and professes 

 the Calvinistic faith. The greater part of the inha- 

 bitants, also are of the same persuasion. Towards 



the close of 1825, however, the duke and duchess of 

 Cotlien went over to the Catholic church at Paris. 

 There are also among the inhabitants many Lutherans 

 and a few .1 ews. Tne lands of the house of A., com- 

 prising about 1030 square miles, with 128,100 inha- 

 bitants, are mostly situated between the Hartz and 

 the river Elbe, and are surrounded by the Prussian 

 province of Saxony ; they are fertile. The inhabi- 

 tants are wealthy, and live partly by agriculture and 

 grazing ; but, in the vicinity of Uernburg, also by 

 milling. The manufactures are imiin|>n;mi . 



ANHYDRITE; a dry sulphate of lime, found in tho 

 salt-mines of Austria and Salzburg, and in limestone 

 at Lockport, New York. It presents several varie- 

 ties of structure and colour. The vulpinite of Italy is 

 the only one used in the arts. This possesses a gran- 

 ular structure, resembling a coarse-grained marlile, 

 Its colour is greyish-white intermingled with blue. 

 It is cut and polished for various ornamental purpos- 

 es, under the name of marmo Imn/i^/io i/i liir^iimn. 



ANICH, Peter; aTyrolese peasant, astronomer and 

 geographer; born in 1723, at Olierporfess, near 

 Inspruck; died in 1766. Till twenty-eight year- 

 old, he was, like his father, a farmer, Imt very early 

 became an admirer of the sciences. The Jesuits in 

 Inspruck perceived his talents, and gave him instruc- 

 tion in mechanics and mathematics. This was suf- 

 ficient to induce the young man to undertake the 

 making of a celestial globe, of a terrestrial glolx-, 

 and of many mathematical instruments. When his 

 teacher, a Jesuit, observed the success of his labours, 

 he recommended him to the empress Maria Then si, 

 who ordered him to draw a map of the northern 

 Tyrol. The superstition of his countrymen made liis 

 labours difficult, and even endangered his life. 

 Finally, the map was finished ; but it was found, in 

 Vienna, that it had been executed on too large a 

 scale, and he was commanded to reduce it to nine 

 sheets. This reduction cost him much labour, and he 

 died before completing it, Sept 1, 1766. In 1774, 

 the map finally appeared, under the title Tyrolisgeo- 

 graphice delineata a Petro Anich et Illasio Httever, 

 curante Jgn. ffeinJiart. 



ANICHINI, Luigi ; a famous seal-engraver, in Un- 

 tune of Michael Angelo. He was a native of Fer- 

 rara. His Interview of Alexander the Great iril/t 

 the High-priest at Jerusalem, was declared by Michael 

 Angfelo to be the perfection of his art. 



ANIMA MUNDI ; the soul of the world or universe ; 

 a certain pure, etherial substance or spirit, which was 

 said, by some ancient philosophers, to be diffused 

 throughout all nature the living principle of the 

 world7 the god of the Pantheists. Plato treats at 

 large of the -^u^i n>u xorpov, the soul of the u-or/d, 

 in his Timasus. He is considered, by some, the ori- 

 ginator of this idea, but this is not at all probable ; 

 on the contrary, it is an ancient idea, prevailing in 

 the systems of certain Eastern philosophers. The 

 Egyptians also adopted it. Many philosophical ami 

 philosophico-religious sects entertained the same no- 

 tion, under a considerable diversity of forms. Many 

 of the first Christian sects believed in tiieanima iiuni- 

 di ; and at all times there have existed estimable 

 and religious men and philosophers, who could not 

 believe in a God who exists without the mal<Ti:<l 

 world but pervades it every where. Of the mo>t 

 recent philosophers, Schelling lias dwelt me 

 this idea, and incorporated it into his whole system. 

 He calls it Die f^eltseele. (See Philosophy) 



ANIMAL, ANIMAL LIFE. Life, in the earlier periods 

 of natural history, was attributed only to animals. 

 With the progress of science, however, it was extend- 

 ed to plants ; and man, who had been hitherto re- 

 garded as a distinct order of being, was now con^icl- 

 ered as but a higher animal, intimately connected 



