ANNE ANNUITIES. 



181 



under age, she became sole regent of France during 

 the minority. She, however, brought upon herself 

 the liatred of the nation, by her boundless confidence 

 in cardinal Mazarin, and was forced to flee from 

 Paris. In a little time, matters were accommodated ; 

 and, when her son took the reins of government into 

 his own hands, in 1661 , she gave up all concern with 

 public aflairs, and spent the remainder of her life in 

 retirement. She died in 1666. 



ANNE of Cleves, the wife of Henry VIII., king of 

 England, was the daughter of John III., duke of 

 Cleves. The king asked her in marriage after hav- 

 ing seen a portrait of her, drawn by Holbein ; but it 

 was not long before he was disgusted with the Flan- 

 ders mare, as he called her, and a divorce ensued ; 

 when Anne, without appearing disconcerted, return- 

 ed to her own country, where she died in 1 557. 



ANNEALING, or NEALJNG, as it is called by the work- 

 men, is a process particularly employed in the glass- 

 houses, and consists in putting the glass vessels, as 

 soon as they are formed, and while they are yet hot, 

 into a furnace or oven, not so hot as to remelt them, 

 in which they are suffered to cool gradually. This is 

 found to prevent their breaking so easily as they 

 otherwise would, particularly on exposure to heat, 

 rnumiealed glass, when broken, often flies into pow- 

 der, with great violence, and, in general, it is in more 

 danger of breaking from a very slight stroke than 

 from one of considerable force. An unannealed glass 

 vessel will often resist the effect of a pistol bullet 

 dropped into it ; yet a grain of sand, falling into it, 

 will make it burst into small fragments, and, which 

 is very curious, it will often not burst until several 

 minutes after being struck. The same phenomena 

 are still more strikingly seen in glass-drops or tears : 

 they are globular at one end, and taper to a small 

 tail at the other : they are the drops which fall from 

 the melted mass of glass on the rods, on which the 

 bottles are made, into the tubs of water, which are 

 used in the work. Those which remain entire, after 

 having fallen into the water, show the properties of 

 unannealed glass in the highest degree. They will 

 bear a smart stroke on the thick end, but, if the 

 small tail is broken, they burst into powder, with a 

 loud explosion. The reason of this singular fact is 

 differently given. A similar process is used for ren- 

 dering cast-iron vessels less brittle. 



ANNIOS of Viterbo, or JOHN NANNI, a Dominican 

 friar, was born at Viterbo, in 1432. He was distin- 

 guished for his learning, and was made master of the 

 sacred palace by pope Alexander VI. He died, as 

 was suspected, of poison, administered at the instiga- 

 tion of Caesar Borgai, in 1502. He employed his 

 leisure in the construction of fragments, which he 

 palmed on the world as the remains of several ancient 

 writers, in " Seventeen Books of Antiquities." The 

 first edition of this work, dedicated to Ferdinand and 

 Isabella, was printed at Home, in 1498, and, in 1552, 

 republished in 8vo. at Antwerp. The imposition 

 passed for sometime ; and, when discovered, the Do 

 minicans, anxious to save the credit of their order, 

 pretended that Annius copied his inventions from a 

 manuscript which he found in the Colbertine library ; 

 but, as this manuscript was never produced, the dis- 

 honour was ineffaceable. The success and mag- 

 nitude of the forgery rendered it exceedingly remark- 

 able, as an instance of "rent but unprincipled ability. 

 ANNO, archbishop of Cologne, died in 1075. The 

 Hymn whicli celebrates his praises was composed not 

 long after his death. The last edition of it was pub- 

 li>hed by Dr Goldmann, Leipsic, 1816. The politi- 

 cal importance of St A., as chancellor of the emperor 

 Henry III., and afterwards as administrator of the 

 empire during the minority of Henry IV. ; his bold 

 spirit of government, as well as the dignity of his 



holy life ; his paternal care for his archbishopric ; the 

 zeal with which he laboured for the reformation of 

 the monasteries, and established new ones, as well 

 as churches, gained him the character of a saint. 

 The hymn of St Anno begins with the popular tradi- 

 tions of Germany, goes over to the history of thearchi- 

 episcopal seat at Cologne, of its thirty-three bishops 

 before A., among whom were seven saints, and of 

 their residence in the city of Cologne, on the Rhine. 

 The poet then describes the secular and spiritual 

 government of the saints, and his grief on account of 

 the madness of his countrymen, continually at war, 

 and mutually destroying each other by internal dis- 

 cord. In despair at not being able to change this 

 state of things, the German patriot becomes weary 

 of life, and dies of grief at the ingratitude of his con. 

 temporaries, whom he had zealously striven to benefit. 

 This Hymn is the only poetical monument, of impor- 

 tance, of the German national literature of the llth 

 century. 



ANNUITIES are periodical payments of money, 

 amounting to a certain annual sum, and continuing 

 either a certain number of years, as ten, twenty, or a 

 hundred, or for an uncertain period, to be determined 

 by a particular event, as the death of the annuitant, 

 or that of the party liable to pay the annuity, or of 

 some other person, or indefinitely ; and these last are 

 called perpetual annuities. The payments are made 

 at the end of each year, or semi-annually, or at 

 the end of every quarter, or at other periods, ac- 

 cording to the agreement upon which the annuity 

 arises ; and, where it is liable to cease upon the hap- 

 pening of an event, at the time of the occurrence of 

 which is uncertain (e. g., the death of a person), and 

 such event happens after the expiration of a part of the 

 time between one payment and another, neither the 

 annuitant nor his heirs will be entitled to any propor- 

 tional part of a payment for such time, unless some 

 express provision is made for this purpose in the con- 

 tract. The probability of the loss of such fractional 

 part is to be taken into consideration in estimating 

 the present value of the annuity ; e. g., if the life in 

 question is, according to the tables of longevity, good 

 for 5^ years, an annuity for such life is worth more 

 than if it were good for only just five years, since 

 the probability of its continuing six years is greater. 

 As an annuity is usually raised by the present pay- 

 ment of a certain sum, as a consideration whereby 

 the party making the payment, or some other person 

 named by him, becomes entitled to an annual, semi- 

 annual, quarterly, or other periodical payment of a 

 certain sum, for a stipulated number of years, or for 

 a period to be determined by the happening of a cer- 

 tain event ; the rules and principles by which this 

 present value is to be computed have been the sub- 

 jects of much scientific investigation. The present 

 value of a perpetual annuity is evidently a sum of 

 money that will yield an interest equal to the an- 

 nuity, and payable at the same periods ; and an an- 

 nuity of this description, payable quarterly, will evi- 

 dently be of greater value than one of the same 

 amount payable annually, since the annuitant has the 

 additional advantage of the interest on three of the 

 quarterly payments, until the expiration of the year ; 

 or, in other words, it requires a greater present capi- 

 tal to be put at interest, to yield a given sum per 

 annum, payable quarterly, than to yield the same an- 

 nual sum, payable at the end of each year. The pre 

 sent value of an annuity, for a limited period, is a sum 

 which, if put at interest, will, at the end of that interest 

 give an amount equal to the sum of all the payments of 

 the annuity and interest; and, accordingly, if it be 

 proposed to invest a certain sum of money in the pur- 

 cliase of an annuity, for a given number of years, the 

 comparative value of the two may be precisely esti- 



