190 



ANTHONY ANTHROPOPHAGI. 



ANTHONY, 6t, fells of, oil the Mississippi ; Ion. 93 

 4(V \V. ; hit. 44 15' N. The river is (i?7 yards 

 brood MOW the fulls, an.l immediately In-low it is 

 coi unit-d-d within a channel of 2OD yards. An island 

 divides tin- falls into two parts. The perpeodioalar 

 hciht of the cataract is lo'.^ feet, besides 58 feet 

 more ofa rapid below; so Uiat, when viewed from a 

 distance, it appears to be much higher than ii really 

 is. When the river is high, the appearance of these 

 falls is very sublime, as the spray then formed reflects 

 nil the colours of the rainbow. The surrounding 

 country is extremely beautiful, exhibiting many 

 gentle ascents, with eminences covered witli the finest 

 verdure. The portage around the falls is 260 rods long. 



ANTHONY, St, island of; the most northern of the 

 cape Verd islands. Topazes are found in one of its 

 mountains, and it is said to contain mines of gold and 

 silver. The inhabitants, chiefly negroes, are about 

 580 in number. 



AXTIIOSV of Padua, St; born August 15, A. D. 

 1195, ofa noble family in Lisbon ; one of the most 

 renowned disciples of St Francis of Assisi, and a 

 powerful advocate of the Franciscan order, which he 

 entered A. D. 1220; was shipwrecked on the coast 

 of Italy, in a voyage to Africa, which he liad under- 

 taken with a view of becoming a martyr to the Chris- 

 tian faith, and preached, with great applause at 

 Moutpellier, Toulouse, Bologna, and Padua, where 

 he died, June 13, A.D. 1231. His legends are full 

 of prodigies; but all agree in extolling his talents as 

 a preacher. According to tradition, the very fishes 

 were affected by his eloquence. The Catholic 

 church, particularly in Portugal and Italy, honoured 

 him as one of its most eminent saints, among whom 

 pope Gregory IX. assigned him a place, A.D. 1232. 

 At Padua, a church, containing his sepulchre, is con- 

 secrated to him. whieh is a master-piece of architecture. 



ANTHRACITE (from ^f*$, coal) is the name of 

 one of the most valuable kinds of coal used in the 

 arts and domestic economy. Its mineralogical char- 

 acter is as follows : colour, greyish-black, or iron- 

 black ; lustre, imperfectly metallic ; opaque ; specific 

 gravity, from 1-4 to 1-6; fracture, conchoidal. 

 Some varieties abound in fissures, in consequence of 

 which they possess an irregular columnar structure, 

 and a lower degree of lustre, and occasionally 

 highly compact, of a black colour, with a shining 

 lustre, and occasionally highly tarnished with irri- 

 descent colours. Anthracite consists wholly of car- 

 bon, mixed with a slight and variable proportion 

 of oxyde of iron, silex, and alumine. It is in- 

 flammable with some difficulty, and burns without 

 smell or smoke, leaving a more or less earthy resi- 

 due. It is less widely distributed than the bitumin- 

 ous coal, and belongs exclusively to transition rocks. 

 It has been found in several European countries, 

 where owing to its limited extent and other causes, 

 its use appears to be but little known. In the Unit- 

 ed States, on the contrary, it occurs in the greatest 

 abundance, and, within the last ten years, has ac- 

 quired a high degree of importance. Its difficult 

 combustibility was, for a time, an obstacle to its in- 

 troduction ; this, however, was obviated by the in- 

 vention of peculiar furnaces and grates. It is now 

 very largely used in all the maritime parts of the 

 United States, not only for manufacturing purposes, 

 in which its utility is immense, but in the warming 

 of apartments, both private and public ; and its 

 cheapness, the intensity and equability of heat it pro- 

 duces, together with its perfect safety, and freedom 

 from all disagreeable smoke and smell, give it a de- 

 cided preference over every other species of fuel. 

 In Pennsylvania, the antliracite coal formation is 

 known to -cover a tract of country many miles in 

 width, extending across the two entire comities of 



1 .ii/.erne and Schuylkill. Mauch Chunk, upon the 

 Lehigh, Fottsville', at the head of the Schuylkill 

 canal, and U'ilkesliarre, upon the SiiM|iiehaima, hav- 

 ing afforded the chief supply of coal from this re- 

 gion, us well as the greatest proportion consumed in 

 the United States. At Mauch ( hunk, MX) men were 

 employed in digging coal, in 1825, in which year 

 750,000 bushels we're sent to Philadelphia. Tlu; 

 anthracite, throughout this region, is explored with 

 very little labour, being situated in hills from 300 to 

 600 feet above the level of ncighlioiiring rivers mid 

 canals, and existing in nearly horizontal bed>, from 

 15 to 40 feet in thickness, cox, red only by a few feet 

 of gravelly loam. At Portsmouth, in Kluxlc Island, 

 an extensive bed of this coal has been worked, with 

 some interruption, for 20 years ; and, more recently, 

 a mine of anthracite has been opened at \\ or< 

 in Massachusetts, at the head of UK Hlackstone canal. 



ANTHROPOLITES ; petrifactions of human bodies or 

 parts of the Ixxly. (See Petrificatiuns.) Tho- 

 animals are called zoolites. 



ANTHROPOLOGY (from attires, man, and Xoyaj, a 

 discourse) signifies the science which treats of human 

 nature, either in a physical or an intellectual point of 

 view. It is frequently used to denote the science of 

 anatomy. In theology, it denotes a way of speaking 

 of God after the manner of men, by attributing to 

 him human passions and affections. (See Philosophy.) 



ANTHBOPOMORPHITBB (from art^ures, man, and fto($n, 

 form) ; called also Audians ; the adherents of Audi- 

 ns, or Audaus, a teacher in Syria, who was banish- 

 ed to Scythia, introduced Christianity among the 

 Goths, and died about 370 after Christ. They were 

 excommunicated by the orthodox church, rather on 

 account of their persevering in the old way of cele- 

 brating Easter, at the same time with the Jewish 

 Passover, their deviation from the usual penances, 

 and their zeal against unworthy priests, than on ac- 

 count of their representation of God in a human 

 shape. Towards the close of the fourth century, 

 they still existed, as schismatics of severe morals, in 

 small bodies in Syria ; in the fifth century they 

 were extinct. The Italian divines at Vicenza, about 

 the year 038, who werecalled Anihropomorptustt on 

 account of similar representations of God, formed no 

 sect.. 



ANTHROPOPHAGI (from ayfouwas, man, and y, 

 I eat) ; man-eaters, cannibals. The practice of eat- 

 ing human flesh, unnatural as it may seem to us, is 

 found to prevail among some nations. In some cases, 

 hunger, in others, revenge, in others superstition, is 

 the motive ; at least, it is reported that the Mexicans 

 used to eat the flesh of the victims whom they had 

 sacrificed to their idols. In some instances, a horrid 

 desire for human flesh appears to have been occa- 

 sioned by disease, like other perversions of the 

 appetite. Thus a cowherd, named Goldschmidt, 

 wlio had committed a murder, and in order to pre- 

 vent discovery, had cut the body in pieces, is said to 

 have felt a craving for human flesh arise within him, 

 and, after devouring the body of the murdered man, 

 to have killed an infant expressly for the purpose of 

 gratifying his unnatural longing. (See G rimer's 

 Almanac for P/iysicians, Almanack fur Aerzte, 1 782 

 page 312.) Boethius reports, in his history of Scot- 

 land, an instance in which this disease seized a wholt. 

 family. A robber, his wife and children, were burnt, 

 because they had killed and eaten several persons 

 whom they had enticed into their dwelling. Only 

 one daughter, who was very young, was left alive ; 

 but scarcely had she reached her 12th year, when 

 she was executed for the same crme. That there 

 are nations who eat the flesh of enemies slain in 

 battle, e. g., the New Zealanders, is well known ; 

 but there are none who make human flesh their usual 



