ANTIBACCHHJS ANTIGONUS. 



191 



food, except, perhaps, the Battos In Sumatra, ac- 

 cording to the report of Anderson (London, 1826). 

 The cruelty of the first conquerors of America, the 

 Spaniards, inflamed the gentle natives to a barbarous 

 revenge ; and they were calumniated as cannibals, 

 to afford a better pretext for their destruction. Under 

 this pretence, the Caribs were extirpated. Modern 

 navigators have not confirmed those sweeping ac- 

 cusations of barbarism and cannibalism ; and even 

 where they have met with nations wlio ate human 

 flesh (that of slaughtered enemies), they have found 

 them mild and kind-hearted people. In Germany, 

 during the reign of Joseph II., it was pretended that 

 gipsies had been known to murder travellers, cut 

 them in pieces, salt and eat them! Cannibalism 

 prevailed among the savage Scythians and Sarmati- 

 jans, also among the ancient inhabitants of Canaan. 



ANTIBACCHICS. See Wtythmus. 



ANTIBES ; an old town of Provence, in the depart- 

 ment of the Var, on the Mediterranean, with a 

 commodious harbour and a strong citadel. It was 

 founded by the Massilians, 340 B. C. and named 

 Antipolis. A. now contains 500 houses, with 5270 

 inhabitants. It is an important barrier fortress on the 

 side of Italy, and was, in 1747, besieged without 

 effect by the Austrians and British. A. is remark- 

 able for being the only place where the French 

 soldiers refused to join Napoleon on his landing from 

 Elba, in 1815. Lon. 7 11' E. ; lat. 43" 35' N. 



ANTICAGLIA, See Antique. 



ANTICHRIST. In the last centuries before Christ, 

 the Jews connected with their idea of the Messiah 

 the notion of an Anti-Messiah, or an enemy to the 

 attempts of the Messiah to promote the good of their 

 nation, who would cause great sufferings before the 

 advent of the latter. The books of the New Testa- 

 ment mention the Antichrist as one or several false 

 prophets, who would pretend to be the true Christ, 

 and would deceive the world. In the Apocalypse 

 alone, he is represented as a powerful ruler, opposed 

 to Christianity. The Christians, in the first centuries, 

 retained the idea of such a powerfid enemy of the 

 church, whose appearance, announced by their own 

 persecutions, would precede the re-appearance of 

 Christ, which was then commonly expected. With 

 the belief of the millennium, which was to succeed 

 the vexations of the church by the Antichrist, the 

 idea of such a being continued under various forms, 

 and heightened by the most lively descriptions n the 

 part of the Christian fathers, until the year 1000 had 

 elapsed without the fulfilment of these prophecies, 

 and the millennial enthusiasm itself was cooled. The 

 interpretation of the Apocalypse constantly occasion- 

 ed new calculations on the appearance of the Anti- 

 christ. In the middle ages, the opponents of the 

 Roman hierarchy eagerly applied this character to the 

 pope, in whom not only the V/aldenses, Wickliffites, 

 and Hussites, but even Luther and his friends, re- 

 cognized the true Antichrist, as having placed him- 

 self against and above Clirist. On the other hand, 

 the Catholics bestowed this title on Luther and other 

 reformers. Thus the idea of 1 the Antichrist, as a 

 dangerous enemy to the true church, remained under 

 a variety of forms, without ever regaining universal 

 acknowledgment. The fathers liave generally 

 agreed, that the Antichrist will appear, at the ap- 

 proach of the last day, in a bodily shape ; but as to 

 nis origin, and time and place of appearing, their 

 o.pinions differ. Some believe that he will be a mere 

 man " the man of sin, the son of perdition," spoken 

 of by St Paul ; and others, that he will be an incar- 

 nation of the devil. Malvenda, in a large work, 

 consisting of thirteen books, has given the most mi- 

 nute account of the birth, childhood, education, char- 

 acter, power, wars, persecutions, and death of Anti 



christ. The church of Rome has never pronounced 

 any decision witli regard to the various notions its 

 members have entertained on this subject. Napoleon 

 was styled Antichrist by some persons, and several 

 passages of the Apocalypse were referred to him. At 

 present, the great party of fanatics, political and re- 

 ligious, perceive the Antichrist in human reason, or, 

 rather, in the free use of it against the views and 

 pretensions of fanaticism. Among the Jews, too, 

 since the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, the 

 wonderful prophecy of a contest is preserved, in 

 which an Antichrist, by name Armillus, will be van- 

 quished by the true Messiah, after a severe oppres- 

 sion of the Jews. 



ANTJCYRA ; a town of Phocis, in Greece, famous 

 for the hellebore which it produced. This plant was 

 of great service in curing diseases, particularly in- 

 sanity, and A. was therefore much resorted to by the 

 ancients ; hence the expression of Horace, Naviget 

 Anticyram. 



ANTIGONE, the fruit of the incestuous marriage of 

 CEdipus and Jocasta, though innocent, bore the curse 

 of her father's house. For her history, see the articles 

 Eteodcs and CEdipus. Sophocles has immortalized 

 her in a tragedy. 



ANTIGONUS ; one of the generals of Alexander, to 

 whom, after his first conquests in Asia, he intrusted 

 the government of Lycia and Phrygia. A. not only 

 defended his provinces with very small forces, but 

 also subdued Lycaonia. When, after the death of 

 Alexander, his generals divided his conquests among 

 themselves, he obtained the Greater Phrygia, Lycia, 

 and Pamphylia. Perdiccas, who strove to unite all 

 the states of Alexander under his own dominion, and 

 who feared the energy of Antigonus, accused him of 

 disobedience to the commands of the king. A. saw 

 through his intentions, embarked secretly for Eu- 

 rope, and connected himself with Craterus and Anti- 

 pater. These three, then, together with Ptolemy, 

 declared war against Perdiccas. The latter was 

 killed by his own soldiers. Eumenes, the general of 

 Perdiccas, was still, however, very powerful in Asia. 

 A. continued the war against him alone, got him 

 into his power, and put him to death. Thus, in a 

 short time, he became master of almost all Asia ; for 

 Seleucus, who reigned in Syria, and had endeavour- 

 ed to oppose his usurpations, was likewise over- 

 powered by him, and sought shelter with Ptolemy. 

 A. possessed himself, also, of the greater part of the 

 treasures of Alexander at Ecbatana and Susa, but 

 would not render an account of them to Ptolemy, 

 Cassander, and Lysimachus, and even declared war 

 against Cassander, in order to revenge, as he said, 

 the death of Olympias, and to deliver the young 

 Alexander, who lived with his mother, Roxana, at 

 Amphipolis. Disgusted by his ambition, all the ge- 

 nerals united themselves against him ; and, whilst 

 Cassander attacked Asia Minor, Ptolemy and Seleu- 

 cus invaded Syria, where they defeated Demetrius, 

 the son of A. Seleucus retook Babylon. As soon 

 as A. was apprized of these events, he returned, and 

 obliged Ptolemy to retreat. Demetrius recovered 

 Babylon from the hands of Seleucus. Antigonus, 

 Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander, concluded a 

 treaty of peace, by which they were to retain, till the 

 majority of the young Alexander, who bore the, title 

 of king, the territories in their possession. But, after 

 the murder of the young king, with his mother, 

 by Cassander, the war was rekindled among the 

 competitors. A. took the royal tide, but was 

 obliged to give up his plan of conquering Egypt, 

 as part of his fleet was lost at sea in a storm, and 

 Ptolemy frustrated every attempt at invasion by 

 land. Soon afterwards, young Demetrius drove 

 Cassander from Greece. He applied for nid to Ly- 



