ANTINOMI ANISM ANTIOCHUS. 



193 



well as in distinct rhombic prisms. Its colour is a 

 light lead-grey; it is dull, and often iridescent. 

 Specific gravity, 4-3. It melts in the flame of a 

 candle; and before the blowpipe, on charcoal, is 

 wholly evaporated, with a sulphureous odour. It is 

 composed of antimony 72-86, and sulphur 27*14, and 

 in its composition exactly resembles the artificial 

 Compound which possesses the same properties. To 

 obtain the crude antimony of commerce, the above 

 ore is reduced to fragments, and put into large 

 earthen pots, with holes in their bottoms, and these 

 ure inserted into other similar vessels ; heat is applied 

 to the upper ones, which causes the sulphuret of 

 antimony to separate from its stony gangue, and flow 

 into the lower vessels, which are kept cold ; here it 

 concretes into fibrous, crystalline masses, without 

 having undergone any change in its nature during 

 the process. In this condition, it constitutes the 

 crude antimony of commerce. From this substance 

 the regulus of antimony is prepared, by roasting the 

 sulphuret of antimony in a reverberatory furnace, 

 until it forms a grey oxide, 100 weight of which is 

 afterwards mixed with eight or ten pounds of argal, 

 or crude tartar, and smelted in large melting pots in 

 a wind-furnace. It also affords, by calcination and 

 subsequent fusion in earthen crucibles, the glass of 

 antimony, which is of so much importance in the 

 preparation of tartar emetic. The kermes mineral, 

 a popular medicine, is likewise prepared from the 

 sulphuret of antimony, by boiling crude antimony and 

 pearl ashes ; the kermes mineral is deposited in the 

 form of a purplish-brown powder. The supernatant 

 liquid, on the addition of any acid, yields an orange 

 sediment, called golden sulphur of antimony, which 

 is used by the calico-printers as a yellow colour. 



AXTIXOMIANISM (opposition to the law) ; the name 

 r;iven, by the reformers of Wittenberg, to the dis- 

 paragement of the moral law, particularly the law of 

 Moses, by certain Protestants, who aimed thereby to 

 exalt the efficacy of faith in the salvation of man. 

 John Agricola was the most conspicuous member of 

 this party, and, in 1537, violently attacked Luther 

 and Melancthon on this ground, in a public disserta- 

 tion, in Wittenberg. But, in 1539, he recanted, and 

 published a renunciation of his errors, in 1540, at 

 Berlin.- Antinomians is the name given to those who 

 adhere to his doctrine, which had its origin in an 

 erroneous apprehension of the grace of God and the 

 necessity of good works. 



ANTINOCS ; a young Bithynian, whom the cxtrava- 

 jant love of Adrian has immortalized. Whether he 

 threw himself into the Nile, with the intention of' 

 preserving the life of Adrian, whom he accompanied 

 on his travels, or because weary of his own life, is 

 not to be decided. Adrian sets no bounds to his 

 grief for his loss. Not satisfied with giving the name 

 of his favourite to a newly-discovered star in the 

 galaxy, which appellation is still preserved, he erect- 

 ed temples in his honour, called cities after him, and 

 caused him to be adored as a god throughout the 

 empire. His image was, therefore, represented by 

 the arts in every way. Several of these figures be- 

 long to the finest remains of antiquity, particularly 

 the statue called the Antinous of Belvidere, in the 

 Vatican, found in the bath of Adrian ; and the A. of 

 the Capitol, found in the villa of Adrian at Tivoli. 

 Antiquaries, however, clirfer much in opinion con- 

 cerning these statues, and many will not allow them 

 to be images of A., but recognise in them the char- 

 acteristics of certain heroes or gods. This dispute is 

 difficult to be decided, because' the artists, who repre- 

 sented A. as a god, chose divine ideals, to which they 

 gave his features. The Vatican st Uue, which goes 

 under his name, is probably a Hen es, the Capitol ine 

 probably a Hermes-Antinous. " In all the figures of 



A.," says Winckelmann, "his countenance has SOIT.P- 

 thing melancholy ; his eyes are always large, with 

 good outlines ; his profile gently descending ; and in 

 his mouth and chin there is something expressed 

 which is truly beautiful." (See Levezow on A., re- 

 presented in the Monuments of Ancient Art; Berlin, 

 1803.) 



ANTIOCH, or ANTAKIA (anciently, Antiochia, and 

 Antigonia, and Theopolis, and Seleztcis, and Epiphane, 

 and Rcblata), in Syria, fifty miles W. of Aleppo, Ion. 

 36 18' E., lat. 36" 6' N., once greater and richer 

 than Rome itself, but often ruined by earthquakes, 

 and finally razed by the Mamelukes, in 1269, is now 

 only a small town. It was founded by Antigonus, 

 and captured by Seleucus, who changed its situation, 

 and called it Antioch, from his father, Antiochus. 

 Long celebrated as one of the first cities of the East, 

 it was the residence of the Macedonian kings of 

 Syria, and of the Roman governors. It is frequently 

 mentioned in the New Testament, and the name 

 Christians was first given to the disciples of Christ in 

 this city (Acts xi. 26). In the 7th century, it was 

 taken by the Saracens, and, in the llth, by the cru- 

 saders, who established a principality under the name 

 of A. Boemond was the first ruler, A. is situated 

 on the Orontes, about twenty-one miles from the sea. 

 The "Queen of the East" now exhibits hardly any 

 relics of her former splendour ; even the ruins are 

 constantly thrown down by earthquakes. The popu- 

 lation is less tlian 20,000 ; the houses are low, with 

 only one story above ground ; the streets narrow ; 

 and the whole appearance of the city is dull and 

 melancholy. The banks of 'the Orontes are covered 

 with mulberries, figs, and olives, but the plain of A. 

 is uncultivated. The governor here is called mohas- 

 sel, and is dependent on the pacha of Aleppo, but 

 appointed by the Porte. A. is also the residence of 

 a Greek patriarch. There was also another Antio- 

 chia (in Pisidia) in the Greater Phrygia, where the 

 Romans settled a colony. It was famous for a tem- 

 ple of Luna. 



ANTIOCHUS ; a name of several Syrian kings, which 

 makes an epoch in Roman history. The first who 

 was known by this name, a Macedonian, and general 

 of king Philip, was father of the famous Seleucus 

 (q. v.), by his wife Laodice. The son of the latter, 

 A. Soter, carried on many unsuccessful wars, and is 

 chiefly known for his love of his step-mother, Strato- 

 nice. Though he endeavoured to subdue his passion, it 

 threw him into a lingering sickness, which continued 

 till the king's physician, Erasistratus, perceived the 

 cause, and disclosed it to his lather, who, thereupon, 

 from love to his only son, gave him his young and 

 beautiful bride hi marriage. One of his descendants 

 was A. the Great, who succeeded his brother, Seleu- 

 cus Ceraunus, as king of Syria, 244 years B.C. He 

 chastised Molo, governor of Media, and conquered 

 Ptolemy Philopator, who was obliged to surrender 

 all Syria. He was no less successful against the 

 Parthians, and at length engaged in a contest with 

 the Romans. This is the famous war of A., for 

 which, with the aid of Hannibal, he made great pre- 

 parations. He did not, however, enter fully into the 

 plans of this general, and sent only one army to 

 Greece, which remained inactive, and was defeated, 

 first at Thermopylae, and several times by sea, till, at 

 length, he became so disheartened, that he did not 

 even contest with the Romans the passage into Asia 

 Minor, where they gained a victory at Magnesia, and 

 obliged him to contract a disgraceful peace. After- 

 wards, attempting to take away the treasures from 

 the temple of Jupiter Llymaeus, he was slain, with 

 all his followers. His second son, Epiphanes, who is 

 represented, in the history of the Maccabees, as a 

 most cruel oppressor of the Jews, attacked the Egyp 



