194 



ANTIOPE ANTIPOPE. 



tian king, Ptolemy Pliilopator, nnil laid siege to Alex- 

 andria, lint lie afterwards abandoned it, as well as 

 all Egypt, when the Konians took the jiart of Pto- 

 lemy. Muny oilier Syrian kings, under the name of 

 A., with various surnames, succeeded, till tit last, A. 

 Asiaticus, was expelled from his dominions by Pom- 

 ,>ey, and Syria (see Syria) became a Unman pro- 

 \ ince. 



ANTIOPK; daughter of Nycteus, king of Thebes 

 ( iccordiii" to Homer, of the river Asopus), renowned 

 through all Greece for her uncommon beauty. Epo- 

 peus, king of Sicyon, carried her off, and married 

 lier ; but Lycus, the successor of Nycteus, who luul 

 promised him to punish his daughter, slew Epopeus, 

 and carried A. prisoner to Thebes, where he delivered 

 her to his wife, Dirce, by whom she was treated wiih 

 the greatest cruelty. A., however, was happy enough 

 to escape, and to see herself avenged by her own 

 Mins Zethus and Amphion, whom she boasted to have 

 conceived in the embraces of Jupiter. The rest of 

 her story is told in a variety of ways. 



ANTIPAROS. See Pares. 



AXTIPASCHIA, among ecclesiastical writers, denotes 

 the first Sunday after Easter. It is also called domi- 

 tiica in all/is. 



ANTIPATKR ; a general, and a confidential friend, of 

 Philip of Macedon. Alexander left him governor of 

 Macedonia when he went to Asia. Although he 

 filled this post with honour, reducing to obedience 

 Me m non, a seditious governor of Thrace, and, after 

 a hard-fought battle, overcoming the Spartans, who 

 were struggling for independence, yet Olympias, the 

 mother of Alexander, with whom he was constantly 

 Bt variance, succeeded hi making him an object of 

 her sou's suspicion ; so that he summoned him to his 

 presence in Asia, and appointed Craterus governor 

 of Macedonia. But Alexander died before this 

 change was accomplished. A. received Macedonia 

 and Greece in the well known division of the empire, 

 and was appointed guardian of the child with which 

 Roxana, Alexander's widow, was then pregnant. 

 Soon after, he was involved in a war with all the 

 powers of Greece. At first, he was unsuccessful ; 

 out, when Leonatus and Craterus came to his assis- 

 tance, the Greeks again submitted. This war was 

 followed by another with Perdiccas, which termi- 

 nated as happily. A. died 317 years B. C., at an 

 advanced age, having confided to Polysperchon the 

 guardianship of the young king. The assertion that 

 he caused Alexander to l>e poisoned, is wholly un- 

 founded. 



ANTIPATHY ; a natural enmity or aversion of one 

 thing towards another. In a more restricted sense, 

 antipathy denotes the natural aversion which an ani- 

 mated and sensitive being feels towards some object 

 presented to it, either in reality or imagination, the 

 cause of which is often mysterious and inexplicable. 

 Such is the aversion of which some persons are con- 

 scious under the apprehension or at the sight of par- 

 ticular objects, as cats, mice, spiders, serpents, eels, 

 &c. Many instances of antipathies are no better 

 than fables, and a severe examination would reduce 

 them to the class of vulgar errors. There are also 

 fictitious aversions, having their source in affectation, 

 and a pretended delicacy of nerves. The greater 

 part of antipathies arise from prejudice ; many from 

 terrors inspired in infancy ; and, in most cases, reflec- 

 tion and a gradual accustoming of ourselves to the 

 objects of our dislike, will weaken or remove the 

 feeling of aversion ; yet there are instances of incu- 

 rable A., which seems to have its seat in the nervous 

 system. 



ANTIPHLOGISTIC CHRSIISTRY. See Chetnistry. 



ANTIPHOXY (alternate song) ; applied particularly, 

 in the Catholic church to the verse which is first sung 



by a single voice, and then repeated by the wh'olo 

 choir, after the psalm has been sung by the two parts 

 of the choir alternately. Also, a song of the priest, 

 to which the choir or the congregation responds. 

 Hence Antiphonariitiu, or Alltxptumale, \\ large volume 

 of Latin songs, from which the onions and other ec- 

 clesiastics sing antiphonies, hymns, collects, &c. The 

 87th psalm, 7th verse, proves that this mode of alter- 

 nate singing formed a part of the old Jewish worship. 

 Its introduction into the Christian church is ascribed 

 to Ignatius, a father of the church, in the 1st century 

 after Christ. The Western church is said to have 

 received it more particularly from Ambrose, (q. v.) 

 At the end of the 6th century, Gregory the Great 

 composed an Antiphonary in honour of the virgin 

 Mary, and the other saints. In the Protestant church, 

 two sorts of anliphony are known. They consist 

 either of whole psalms, as the litany, or of only a few 

 words of scripture. The latter sort includes the in- 

 troductory chant of the preacher, and the mutual 

 response of the choir and the congregation. A spe- 

 cies of English cathedral music is called an itiit/tnn, 

 or antipliony. Handel has composed several an- 

 thems. 



ANTIPHHASIS. This may be defined a form of 

 speech, in which we affirm a thing by denying it to 

 be the contrary ; as, He is no fool. It is also used, 

 though less correctly, to signify a figure of speech, 

 by which the name of any thing is derived trom a 

 quality it does not possess ; e. g., the name of the, 

 Fates, Parcee, fromparcere, to spare, though to spare 

 is foreign to their nature. So also the name of the; 

 Furies, Eumtnides. Such appellations are usually 

 ironical. 



ANTIPODES ; the name given to those inhabitants 

 of the earth who are diametrically opposite to each 

 other, and, of course, turn their feet towards each 

 other. The name comes from the Greek r/, aguiimt, 

 and !ru(, afoot. The zenith of the one is the nadir 

 of the other. The antipodes live in similar but op- 

 posite latitudes, and their longitudes differ 180 de- 

 grees. Hence, the difference in their days is about 

 12 hours, and their seasons are reversed. The sphe- 

 rical form of the earth naturally leads us to the idea 

 of the antipodes, of whose existence some idea was 

 entertained even before the age of Cicero. The 

 fathers of the church, however, found hi this theory 

 a contradiction of the Bible, and, in the 8th century, 

 Virgilius, archbishop of Saltzburg, was excommuni- 

 cated for maintaining it. Circumnavigators of the 

 globe first put the question beyond all doubt, and the 

 opposition to the doctrine of the sphericity of the 

 earth, and the existence of the antipodes, is now done 

 away. 



ANTIPOPK ; thus are called all those who, at diffe- 

 rent periods, have produced a schism in the Roman 

 catholic church, by opposing the authority of the 

 pope, under the pretence that they were themselves 

 popes. This is the catholic explanation, because it 

 is evident that the Roman church cannot admit that 

 there ever existed two popes ; but the fact is, that, 

 in many cases, both competitors for the papal chair 

 (sometimes there were even three) were equally an 

 tipopes ; that is to say, the claims of all were equally 

 good. Each was frequently supported by whole na- 

 tions, and the schism was nothing but the struggle 

 of political interests, which induced particular <M 

 vernments to support a pope against the pope sup 

 ported by other governments. Those were the most 

 unhappy periods of the Roman church, when to many 

 other evils were added violent contests between rival 

 candidates for the papal chair, and the consciences of 

 the honest believers were offended and perplexed by 

 the excommunications which the adversaries thun- 

 dered against each otl'er. These quarrels, of course, 



