200 



ANTONIUS ANTHAIGUES. 



flattery, anil, B.C. 44, became his colleague in live 

 iMiiMiNhip. At the Lupercalia, he threw himself 

 publicly at Caesar's fret, uiul thrice otfercd him u 

 diadem, which he exhibited ;nm<l tin- shouts of tlic 

 people. Soon after, Caesar was assassinated, and A. 

 would have slmred tlie same fate, luul not Brutus, 

 wiio hoped to gain him over lor the republic, stood 

 up in his defence. A. delivered, o\er tlie body of 

 ( ,esir. a fiiiirr.il oration, in the course of which lie 

 -pn-.id out his garment st.iiiud with blood, und thus 

 excited tlie people to anger and revenge. Tlie mur- 

 derers were obliged to flee, and A. long ruled with 

 unlimited power. After having many times quar- 

 relled with yoiuig Octavius, Uie heir of Ciesar, who 

 aspired to the supreme power, and, from political 

 motives, took the side of Hie senate, he was recon- 

 ciled to him, and went with an army to Cisalpine 

 (iaul, tlie government of which fell to his share, and 

 laid siege to Mutiua, which Decimus Brutus valiantly 

 defended. In the meantime, Cicero delivered his 

 famous orations against him. The senate declared 

 him a public enemy, and both consuls, Hirtius and 

 Pansa, accompanied by Octavius, met him in the 

 field. At first, A. vanquished Pansa in a bloody 

 Untie, but Hirtius hastened to his aid, and A. was 

 subdued. Both consuls, however, fell, and Octavius 

 took the head of tlie republican army. A. fled with 

 his troops over the Alps, amid great difficulties and 

 privations. Lepidus then commanded in Gaul, and 

 A. fled to his camp in mourning garments, and soon 

 gained the affections of the army, so that Lepidus 

 was obliged to resign the command to him. Plan- 

 cus, also, and Pollio, strengthened his party with 

 their forces ; so that A., who, a short time before, 

 had fled from Italy, returned now at the head of 23 

 legions and 10,000 horse. Octavius, who had hither- 

 to appeared to be a supporter of the senate, and a 

 defender of republican freedom, now suffered the 

 mask to fall off. He marched against A. and Lepi- 

 dus, and, on the small island of Reno, not far from 

 Bologna, or, according to some, on the island of 

 Panaro, near Modena, had that memorable meeting 

 with them, in which they divided among themselves 

 the whole Roman world. Here they decided upon 

 the proscription of their mutual enemies : each gave 

 up his friends to the other. Upon this, the triumviri 

 inarched to Rome, and their steps were marked with 

 murder and rapine throughout Italy. A. caused 

 Cicero's head and right hand to be fixed up, as a spec- 

 tacle, on that same rostrum from which his eloquence 

 had so often been victorious. 300 senators and 2000 

 knights perished hi this proscription. When the sum 

 of money necessary for the war was procured, viz., 

 200,000,000 sesterces (above a million and a half 

 sterling), and the triumviri had appointed magistrates 

 for several years, B. C. 42, A. and Octavius departed 

 for Macedonia, where the united forces of their ene- 

 mies, Brutus and Cassius, formed a powerful army. 

 At Philippi, A. commanded in an engagement against 

 Cassius, who, when he perceived the event of the 

 fatal battle, ordered one of his slaves to stab him. 

 After the second battle, Brutus, also destroyed him- 

 self. At the sight of his body, A. discovered the 

 deepest emotion, covered it with his cloak, and gave 

 orders that it should be interred with the highest 

 honours. He then went to Greece, visited the pub- 

 lic schools at Athens, and manifested his admiration 

 of this city, splendid even hi its ruins. Thence he pro- 

 ceeded to Asia. In Cilicia, he ordered Cleopatra, 

 queen of Egypt, to apologize for her insolent beha- 

 vour to the triumviri. She appeared in person, and 

 her charms fettere^ him forever. He followed her 

 to Alexandria, where, in a constant course of dissi- 

 pation, he bestowed not even a thought upon the 

 aflairs of the world, till he was aroused by a report 



that hostilities had commenced in Italy, between his 

 wife, Fulvia, and Octavius. A si ion war followed, 

 which was decided in favour of Octavius, before the 

 arrival of -A. in Italy. The death of Fulvia facilitated 

 a reconciliation, which was sealed by the marriage of 

 A with Octavia the sister of Octavius. The two 

 armies made a new di\ isiou of the l\oman dominions. 

 A. obtained the East, Octavius tlie \Vest. For inert; 

 form, Africa was consigned to the feeble Lepidus. 

 With Sextus Pompey, who ruled the Mediterranean, 

 a treaty was made. Upon this, A. went to Athens, 

 in.-ule a campaign against the Parthian*, which hrouglil 

 him but little honour, and then returned to Italy. 

 By the interposition of Octavia, there appeared to l>e. 

 perfect harmony between the triumviri ; but, after 

 his return to Asia, A. gave himself up to a most 

 abandoned course of life; lavished upon Cleopatra, 

 without regard to the interests of tlie state, whole 

 kingdoms and provinces; and exercised the, most 

 open injustice. After a second disgraceful campaign 

 against the Parthians, he took Artavasdes, king of 

 Armenia, prisoner, by treachery, accusing him of 

 want of fidelity, and carried him in triumph to Alex- 

 andria. Octavius excited against A. the displeasure 

 of the Romans, by a relation of his conduct. War 

 between the two rivals was inevitable, and both be- 

 gan to prepare for it. Amid a round of pleasures, 

 A. neglected his most important affairs, and filled the 

 island of Samos, tlie rendezvous of his troops, 

 with musicians and revellers, and, at the same 

 time, divorced Octavia. These measures were fol- 

 lowed by disapprobation as universal as the know- 

 ledge of Octavia's magnanimity and the hatred of 

 Cleopatra's arrogance. At length, war was declared 

 at Roire against the queen of Egypt, and A. was de- 

 prived of his consulship and government. Each party 

 assembled its forces, and A. lost, in the naval battle 

 at Actium (q. v.), B. C. 31, the dominion of the world. 

 He disgracefully followed Cleopatra in her flight. 

 The army on land waited in vain for his arrival, and 

 at last surrendered to the conqueror. Upon this, ho 

 went to Libya, where a considerable host, which he 

 had left there, was his last hope. On his arrival, he 

 perceived that it had embraced the party of Octavius, 

 and his grief on the discovery was so great, that he 

 was, with much difficulty, prevented from committing 

 suicide. He returned to Egypt, and lived in obscu- 

 rity, till Cleopatra succeeded in bringing hum back to 

 her palace and to his former mode of life. Her fes- 

 tivals were interrupted by the arrival of Octavius. 

 who refused all proposals of submission. At his ap- 

 pearance before Alexandria, A. seemed to recover all 

 his former courage. He marched out at the head of 

 his cavalry, and repulsed the hostile forces ; but, 

 afterwards, deserted by the Egyptian fleet and his 

 ar ny, and suspecting that he was betrayed by Cleor 

 patra, he again lost his courage. He retired to tie 

 palace of the queen, in order to take vengeance upon 

 her ; she fled, however, and deceived him by a false 

 report of her death. Resolved to die with her, he 

 fell upon his own sword, B. C. 30. Plutarch relates, 

 that A. commanded his slave Eros to slay him ; the 

 slave, pretending to be ready to obey, requested him 

 to turn away his face, and then, stabbing himself, 

 fell dead at his feet. Moved by this exhibition of 

 heroic affection, A. threw himself upon the same 

 sword. On being told that Cleopatra was still alive. 

 he caused himself to be carried into her presence, 

 that he might die in her arms. See Augustus, and 

 Cleopatra. 



ANTONY, Mark. See Antonius, Marcus. 



ANTRAIGUES (Emanuel Louis Henry Launey), comte 

 d'. This man, who became distinguished as a states- 

 man during the revolution, was born in Bivarais. His 

 tutor, the famous abbe Maury, early cultivated his 



