202 



ANUBIS ANVIL. 



Graham, and defended by Carnot, who did not sur- 

 rriulrr it till the 5th of May, alter the arinistire with 

 Monsieur liad been concluded. Caniol's conduct \v;is 

 Midi, that he gained the admiration of all soldiers 

 :tiul military connoi seurs, and the love of the people 

 of A. though tliey liated the French, and suffered 

 much from the siege. The latest siege of Antwerp 

 occurred in 1832, and originated thus : Belgium was 

 given to Holland by the Holy Alliance, at their 

 settlement of Europe, grievously against the will of 

 die Belgians. In 1830, the Belgians endeavoured to 

 throw off the Dutch yoke ; a fierce war ensued, 

 which was stopped by the interference of the five 

 great powers of Europe. Both Holland and Belgium 

 agreed to abide by the decision of these powers. 

 Belgium promptly adhered to the terms of the award, 

 winch Holland, on the contrary, refused to do. Af- 

 ter two years spent in protocols, Holland persisted in 

 stopping the navigation of the Scheldt, and in retain- 

 ing possession of the citadel of Antwerp. France 

 and Britain, the only two of the five powers who 

 considered their honour compromised by this viola- 

 tion of the imposed treaty, resolved to drive the 

 Dutch out of Antwerp. With this view a combined 

 fleet proceeded to blockade, or rather cruise off the 

 Dutch coast; and orders were given to the French army 

 of the north, to besiege the citadel, which was under 

 the command of baron Chasse. A force, accordingly, 

 consisting of about 55,000, under the command of 

 marshal Gerard, sat down before it, and hostilities 

 commenced towards the close of November. The 

 precise position of the garrison and defences of the 

 citadel on the 29th of November, 1832, maybe sum- 

 med up in a few words. At the moment operations 

 commenced, the Dutch held the citadel, including 

 tlir lunettes Kiel and St Laurent, with a garrison of 

 about 4500 men. They had an ample supply of pro- 

 vNions, ammunition, and 130 pieces of artillery of 

 different calibre. The Tete de Flandre, the forts 

 Burcht, Zuyndrecht, and St Hilaire, were armed and 

 ir.irrisoned by about 500 men, whilst eleven gun-boats 

 and a steamer were anchored in the river. The whole 

 of the Polders, included within the bend of the Scheldt 

 from near the village of Burcht to the Pipe de Tabac, 

 \vi re laid under water to the depth of seven to nine 

 feet, and thus completely secured the forts, flotilla, 

 and citadel from all molestation from the left bank. 

 These inundations were fed by a rupture in the dykes 

 of the Scheldt, nearly opposite the citadel, and 

 another in the vicinity of the Pipe de Tabac. By 

 this means it was intended to liave secured a free 

 communication and passage for the gun-boats between 

 the Upper and Lower Scheldt, without the necessity 

 of their passing under the fire of the Belgian bat- 

 teries ; but the operations of the French army neu- 

 tralized the effect of this measure. After a spirited 

 defence of four weeks, the citadel surrendered, and 

 was delivered over to the Belgians on the first of 

 January, 1833, By all accounts, the French con- 

 ducted the siege in a masterly manner; and when the 

 garrison surrendered, treated their opponents with 

 the characteristic courtesy of the nation. Of the 

 besieging army, the number killed was 108, the 

 wounded, 695. Of the besieged, the number killed 

 was 122 ; the wounded, 369. 



ANCBIS ; one of the most distinguished deities of* 

 the Egyptians. At first, he was worshipped under 

 the form of a dog ; afterwards under that of a man 

 with a dog's head ; hence he was termed Cynocepha- 

 lut. Tradition calls him a son of Osiris by Nephthys, 

 whom he mistook for Isis. When Isis was convinced 

 of this by the lotus wreath left with Nephthys by 

 Osiris, she sought out the child, exposed by his 

 mother for fear of Typhon, discovered him, with the 

 lielp of a dog, educated him, and found in him a 



faithful guard and attendant. A. guards the gods as 

 the dog guards men. So says Plutarch. According 

 to Diouorus, Osiris was accompanied on his expedi- 

 tions by A., and Macedon, another of his sons. A. 

 carried a helmet covered with a dog's skin, and was 

 therefore worshipped in the form ot a dog. Accord- 

 ing to the astronomical theology of the Egyptians, he 

 was the seventh among the eight gods of the first 

 class, and designated the planet .Mercury, as did also 

 Piernies, the more common name of the planet. He 

 was, consequently, lord of the ascendant for an hour 

 of the day, and genius of wisdom. His original form 

 was derived, probably, from the worship o'f the dog 

 among the Egyptians, who regarded him as the g<xl 

 of hunting; Uien he became, according to Zoega, a 

 guardian spirit in general, a protector of the god*. 

 The Greeks recognised in him their Hermes, with 

 whom, therefore, he became confound* .1. 



ANVIL, in smithery, and other manufattures of the 

 malleable metals, is an instrument on which sub- 

 stances are laid for the purpose of being hammen d. 

 For some purposes anvils are made of cast iron ; but 

 when the face of the anvil is required to possess great 

 hardness, or a bright surface, it is made of wrought 

 iron and faced with steel. The core or body of 

 wrought iron anvils is prepared at the forge, when- 

 malleable iron is first formed into bars, or into n. 

 for any particular purpose. The body of the anvil is 

 formed by welding a number of smaller masses toge- 

 ther under the forge-hammer. These are rude blocks 

 of different sizes, according to the size of the anvil. 

 Smaller masses are also furnished in this way, which 

 the anvil-maker occasionally welds to the large 

 blocks, for giving to the anvil any particular form. 

 The fire-place or hearth of the anvil-maker's forge is 

 similar to the common smith's forge. His bellows 

 are not double, like the latter. His fuel is cork, 

 which produces a great heat without much flame. 

 Adjacent to the hearth is a crane, which, turning 

 upon a pivot, brings the heated masses of iron from 

 the fire to the anvil. The latter is a large mass of 

 cast metal, about eighteen inches square on the face, 

 and about a foot from the ground. When the core 

 of the anvil to be formed is heated, the first thing is 

 to make three square holes, one in the bottom, and 

 one at each end of the anvil. These holes are about 

 one and a fourth inch long, one kich broad, arid 

 about two inches deep. They are for the purpose of 

 receiving a bar of iron, which is connected with the 

 crane by which the anvil is held in the fire, and by 

 which it is turned and guided while forming with the 

 hammers. The common smith's anvil is generally 

 made of seven pieces, namely, the core or body ; the 

 four corners, for the purpose of enlarging its base ; 

 the projecting end, which contains a square hole, for 

 the reception of a set, or chisel, to cut off pieces ot 

 iron ; and the seventh piece is the beak, or conical 

 end, used for turning pieces of iron into a circular 

 form, welding hoops, &c. These pieces are each 

 separately welded to the core, and hammered so as 

 to form a regular surface with the whole. When 

 large pieces are required to be welded to the core, 

 one fire is not sufficient to heat both at the same time. 

 In this case two hearths are employed. The core 

 and the piece are both raised to a welding heat. 

 The piece being put into its place, is hammered by a 

 quick succession of blows till it adheres. The whole 

 is again heated and hammered till the due form is 

 obtained. The hammering is performed by a num- 

 ber of men at the same time, each using a la^ge 

 swing-hammer. The blows follow each other in 

 regular succession, great experience and care being 

 required to prevent the hammers from coming in 

 contact with each other. When the anvil has re- 

 ceived its due form, it now recmires t/> he **f d w-ifl* 



