A POCKY PHAL APOLLO. 



of the world appears to luivc been an Idea of the apos- 

 tles them-ckes, based on a misinterpretation of tin- 

 assurance of Christ, that he would soon return, con- 

 nected with the idea, that the only object of his re- 

 turn must be to judge the living and the dead. 



APOCRYPHAL (Greek; concealed) ; an -pUliet gen- 

 erally applied to certain books not admittt il into the 

 nmon of the Old Testament ; being either spurious, 

 or not acknowledged as of divine origin. They un- 

 opposed to the canonical writings* i.e. those which 

 are considered as affording rules of faith and conduct, 

 iM-cause a divine origin is attributed to them. Be- 

 -nl.'s the apocryphal books of the Old Testament 

 which usually stand after the canonical hooks in our 

 editions, there are numerous spurious books, com- 

 posed in the early days of Christianity, and published 

 under the names of Jesus Christ and his apostles, 

 their companions, &c. These bear the names of 

 j4cU, Epistles, Revelations, &c. They are entirely 

 destitute of evidence to justify their admission into 

 the sacred canon, and, on this account, are omitted 

 entirely. They may be found in the Cod. dpocryph. 

 by Fabricius, (Hamburg, 1719, 2 vols.) 



APOGEE (Greek; from , from, and y,the earth); 

 that point in the orbit of the sun, or of a planet, 

 which is at the greatest distance possible from the 

 earth. The point of greatest nearness is called the 

 perigee. The ancient astronomers, regarding the earth 

 as the centre of the system, paid particular attention 

 to these points, which the moderns, making the sun 

 the centre, change for the aphelion and perihelion. 



APOGRAPH, (Greek, from , from, and y^u* I 

 write), a copy or transcript of some book, or writing. 

 In this sense, apograph stands opposed to autograph ; 

 as a copy to an original. 



APULLINARIAN GAMES ; games at Rome, celebrated 

 yearly in honour of Apollo, on the fifth day of July, 

 under the direction of the praetor, in the circus Maxi- 

 mus. They were instituted in the year of Rome 542 ; 

 and were merely scenical, no chariot races, or other 

 exercises, being performed at them. 



APOLLJNARIANS, in ecclesiastical history; a sect 

 which maintained the doctrine that the Logos (the 

 Word of God> holds in Christ the place of the ration- 

 al soul, and consequently that God was united in him 

 with the human body and the sensitive soul. Apol- 

 liuaris, the author of this opinion, was, from A. D. 

 362 till at least A. IX 382, bishop of Laodicea, in 

 Syria, and a zealous opposer of the Arians. As a 

 man and a scholar, he was highly esteemed, and was 

 among the, most popular authors of his tune. Ac- 

 cording to the old historians of the church, when the 

 emperor Julian forbade Christians the use of schools 

 and the study of the Greek classics, Apollinaris, with 

 his father, of the same name, a teacher of languages, 

 and a presbyter, composed imitations of them, for the 

 use of the Christians ; for instance, heroic poems and 

 tragedies, from the historical matter of the Old Tes- 

 tament, and dialogues in imitation of Plato's, from 

 portions of the New. None of these works are now 

 extant. His doctrine above mentioned was first 

 made known A. D. 371, and has been condemned as 

 heretical, since A. D. 375, by various councils; 

 among others, by the ecumenical council at Constan- 

 tinople, A. D. 381. Apollinaris, however, formed, 

 a congregation of his adherents at Antioch, and made 

 Vitalis their bishop. The Apollinarians, or Vital- 

 ians, as the followers of Apollinaris and Vitalis were 

 called, soon spread their sentiments in Syria and the 

 neighbouring countries, established several societies, 

 with their own bishops, and one even in Constanti- 

 nople ; but, after the death of their leader, between 

 A, D. 382 and A. D. 392, they separated into two 

 parties one, the Valentinians, who adhered to the 

 doctrine of Apollinaris ; the other, the Polemians, 



who assert that God and the body of Christ became 

 one substance, and who, consequently, pay divine 

 honours to the flesh ; tor which reason they were 

 oilled Sarcolatree, slntltrofHilutree, and, because they 

 admit the union of both natures in Christ, Sy/iitxiii/i.i. 

 Imperial edicts, A. D. 388 and :>'.>7, forbade them to 

 bold religions assemblies ; and, A. I). 428, they were 

 wholly forbidden to have ecclesiastics, or to dwell in 

 cities. This sect, never numerous, now ill-appeared, 

 being partly included among th,. orthodox, and part- 

 ly, afterwards, among the Monophysites. The doc- 

 trine ot ' transubstautiation, and divine honour to the 

 consecrated host, arises from the same view, which 

 the Catholics deemed a crime in the I'olcmians. 



APOLLO ; son of Jupiter and Latona, who being 

 persecuted by the jealousy of Juno, after tedious wan- 

 derings and nine days' labour, was delivered of him 

 and his twin sister, Artemis (Diana), on the island of 

 Pelos. (q. v.) A. appears in mythology as the god of 

 poetry, music, and prophecy, the patron of physicians, 

 shepherds, and the founders of cities. Skilled in the 

 use of the bow, he slew the serpent Python on the 

 fifth day after his birth ; afterwards, with his sister 

 Diana, he killed the children of Niobe, &<:. He aid- 

 ed Jupiter in the war with the Titans and the giants. 

 He destroyed the Cyclops, because they forged the 

 thunderbolts with which Jupiter killed his sen and 

 favourite, .SSsculapius. All of the male sex who wen: 

 snatched from the world by a sudden and easy death, 

 without previous sickness, were supposed to be smit- 

 ten by the arrows of A. In the oldest poems, A. is 

 exhibited as the god of song. In the festivals of the 

 gods on Olympus, and those of men in which they 

 took part, he plays and sings, while the Muses dance 

 around him. He invented the harp or lyre. Mar- 

 syas, who ventured to contend with him on the flute, 

 was conquered and flayed alive by the god. A. had 

 another contest with Pan, in which the former play- 

 ed on the lyre, the latter on the pipe. Tmolus had 

 already decided in favor of A., when Midas opposed 

 the sentence, and was decorated with a pair of a-s\ 

 ears for his insolence. That A. had the gift of pro- 

 phecy, appears from the Iliad, where lie is said to 

 have bestowed it upon Calchas ; and, in the O<1\ 

 mention is made of an oracular response, delivered 

 by him in Delphi, (q. v.) The oracle of A. at this 

 place became very famous. He also revealed future 

 events at Didyma, Claros, Tenedos, and Patara. A* 

 medical advice was sought chiefly from oracles and 

 soothsayers, A., in later times, came to be regarded 

 as the god of physic. He was called the father of 

 JSsculapius, and poets feigned that he taught the 

 Asclepiades the art of healing. Fables about the 

 pastoral life of A. were not unknown in Homer's time, 

 and Callimachus mentions him among the gods of 

 shepherds. He is reported to have taken charge, for 

 a long time of the herds of Admetus, according to 

 some authorities, voluntarily, according to others, 

 compelled by Jupiter, on account of the murder of 

 the Cyclops, or the serpent Python. As a builder of 

 cities, the founding of Cyzicum, Cyrene, and Naxos in 

 Sicily, is ascribed to him. Homer relates that In- 

 built the walls of Troy together with Neptune, and 

 afflicted the city afterwards with a pestilence, because 

 Laomedon defrauded him of his pay. According to 

 Pausanias, he assisted in building the walls of Meg- 

 ara; at which time he laid down his lute upon ;i 

 stone, which ever after sent forth the music of the 

 lute, as often as it was touched. According to the 

 descriptions of poets, and the representations of sculp- 

 tors, A. with Mars, Mercury, and Bacchus, belongs to 

 the bearciless gods, in whom the dawnings of early 

 manhood appear. His attributes ar* a bow, a quiver 

 and plectrum, a serpent, a shepherd's crook, a griffin 

 and a swan, a tripod, a laurel, an olive-tree, c. My- 



