APOLLO APOLLON 1US. 



207 



thology relates many of his amours. (See Daphne.) 

 In later times, he was confounded with Helios, among 

 the Romans, Sol, the sun. Besides many temples, 

 the island Delos, the city Delphi, mount Helicon, 

 Leucadia, and Parnassus were sacred to him. The 

 Apollinaria were games, celebrated in honour of him 

 at Rome, which consisted of bull-fights, theatrical 

 shows, and athletic exercises. He is often called 

 P/i(ebus, both by Greeks and Romans. Among the 

 ancient statues of A. that have come down to us, the 

 most remarkable, and, in the judgment of the learn- 

 t'd anil acute Winckelmann, the best and most per- 

 iVct tliat art has produced, is the one called the Apol- 

 lo Belvidere, from the pavilion of Belvidere in the 

 Vatican, at Rome ; also called the Pythian Apollo, 

 "because it is supposed that the artist has represented 

 the god as the conqueror of the serpent Python. This 

 statue was found in the ruins of Antium, at the end 

 of the 15th century. On the peace of Tolentino, 

 1797, it was carried to Paris, with other treasures of 

 art, whence it was restored to Rome in 1815. 



APOLLO (BELVIDERE), an ancient marble statue of 

 tlu' most exquisite finish and workmanship, so called 

 from being placed in the Belvidere gallery of the 

 Vatican palace at Rome. It represents the god of 

 day holding a fragment of a bow in his left hand, 

 from which he appears to have just discharged an 

 arrow, and he seems in an attitude of suspense, await- 

 ing its descent upon the object of his wrath. It has 

 been always considered, by the best judges, as one of 

 the most beautiful of the remnants of ancient art, 

 now extant in Italy. Wincklemann, lord Byron, and 

 other writers, have expressed themselves in raptures 

 as to its exquisite beauty, high finish, fine proportions, 

 and great expression. The learned Visconti, in 

 his Dissertation on its merits, attributes it to the chisel 

 of the Greek sculptor Calamis, and thinks that it is 

 a representation of the Apollo Alexicacos, or the 

 deliverer from evil the Apollo destroying the 

 Python or great serpent and thinks that it has been 

 described both by Pliny and Pausanias. The history 

 of its discovery and removal is to be found in the Muse- 

 um Pio-Clementinum, and in the works of several 

 modern travellers. It is noticed as rather a remarka- 

 ble fact, that only one small antique repetition of this 

 statue is to be found, whereas the statue of the Venus 

 de Medicis, now at Florence, seems to have been so 

 great a favourite with the ancient Greeks and Romans, 

 that not fewer than one hundred ancient copies or 

 repetitions of it have been noticed by travelers, and 

 the reason why this Apollo seems to have been so 

 nnjustly depreciated in ancient times, is thought by 

 Visconti to arise from the fact that the transcendent 

 Phidias, that prince of sculptors, had produced a 

 statue similarly occupied, but of which the attitude 

 was more energetic and daring, and that the applause 

 bestowed on the work of Phidias, joined to his great 

 reputation, had caused this work of Calamis to be 

 overlooked in a great degree. Of this work of 

 Phidias, which has been lost in the ruin of ages, 

 nothing remains but a description by Maximus 

 Tyrius. See Wincklemann, Histoire des Arts, By- 

 ron's Childe Harold, Visconti, Forsyth, Eustace, &c. 

 APOLLODORUS ; son of Asclepiades ; an Athenian 

 grammarian, who flourished about 140 B. C. ; studi- 

 ed philosophy under Panastius, and grammar, in the 

 ancient sense of the word, under Aristarchus. He 

 wrote a work on the gods, a commentary on Homer's 

 catalogue of ships, and a history in verse. The my- 

 thological work entitled Bibliotheca, which bears his 

 name, is probably a later extract from the larger 

 work of A. It is very closely connected, howrvcr, 

 with his history of the gods and heroes. The best 

 editions are Heyne's, 2d edition, Gottingen, 1803, 

 2 voU, and Clavier's, Paris, 1805, 2 vols., with a 



French translation. A. is also the name of a distin- 

 guished architect, who built the forum Trajani. 



APOLLODOB.US of Athens ; a distinguished painter, 

 about 408 B. C. See Painting. 



APOLLONIKON ; a large hand-organ, completed, in 

 1817, by Hight and Robson, organ- builders, which, 

 however, may be played by the aid of keys, of which 

 there are five rows arranged together in such man- 

 ner that several musicians may perform at the same 

 time. It is said to resemble the panharmonicon oi 

 Maelzel, and is calculated to produce a powerful ef- 

 fect, wliich is greatly enhanced by the variety of its 

 stops. Prior to this, Roeller, an instrument- maker, 

 born in Hesse-Darmstadt, had invented an instru- 

 ment with two rows of keys, which might be played 

 as a piano-forte and as a chamber organ, combined at 

 the same time with a musical automaton. It is de- 

 scribed hi the 2d vol. of the Leipsic Musical Journal. 

 This instrument was called the apollonion. 



APOLLONIUS of Perga, in Pamphylia ; one of four 

 authors (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius, and Di"- 

 phantes) whom we must regard as the founders ot 

 mathematical science. He lived about 240 B. C., 

 and studied mathematics at Alexandria, among the 

 scholars of Euclid. The most renowned of his num- 

 erous mathematical works is a book on Conic Sec- 

 tions (Oxford ed., 1710, fol.) a branch of the science 

 to. which he added much by new inventions and hap- 

 py explanations. A. of Rhodes, according to some 

 authorities, was born at Alexandria, according to 

 others, at Naucratis, about 230 B. C. As the jeal- 

 ousy of other learned men incessantly persecuted him 

 in his own country, he retired to Rhodes where he 

 taught rhetoric with so much reputation, and obtain- 

 ed, oy his writings, so much fame, that the Rhodians 

 bestowed upon him the rights of citizenship. He 

 returned to Alexandria to succeed Eratosthenes, as 

 superintendent of the library of that city. Of his 

 various works, we have only the Argonautica, a 

 poem of moderate merit, though written with much 

 care and labour. There are some passages, however, 

 of great beauty, especially the episode on the love of 

 Medea. The best editions are those of Brunck, 

 Strasb. 1780, Leipsic, 1810, and that of 1813, with 

 notes, &c. ; the latter is not yet completed. (See 

 Weichert On the Life and Poetry of Apollonius, Meis- 

 sen, 1821.) A. of Tyana in Cappadocia, was born in 

 the beginning of the Christian era, and became a 

 follower of the Pythagorean philosophy. Euthy- 

 demus, the Phoenician, instructed him in grammar, 

 rhetoric, and the various philosophical systems, and 

 Euxenus of Heraclea taught him the Pythagorean 

 philosophy. A. felt an irresistible desire to become 

 a disciple of Pythagoras, according to the rigid 

 rules of his sect. At ^Egae, there was a temple 

 consecrated to .ZEsculapius, where this god wrought 

 miracles for the cure of the sick. To this temple A. 

 repaired. In obedience to the precepts of Pytha- 

 goras he abstained from all animal .food, and lived 

 only on fruits and herbs, drank no wine, dressed in a 

 stuff prepared from plants, went barefooted, and suf- 

 fered his hair to grow. The priests of the temple in- 

 structed him, and initiated him into their mysteries. 

 It is said that ^Esculapius himself made him a wit- 

 ness of his cures ; yet we have never been told that 

 he had then attempted to perform miracles. He 

 established a philosophical school, and enjoined si- 

 lence upon himself for five years. During this time, 

 he visited Pamphylia and Cilicia, and afterwards, 

 Antioch, Ephesus, and other cities. He then de- 

 termined to pass beyond Babylon, to. India, in order 

 to become acquainted with the doctrines of the Bra- 

 niins ; and, as his scholars refused to follow him, he 

 began his journey alone. A certain Damis, who met 

 him and regarded him as a deity, was his companion, 



