208 



APOLOGETICS APOPLEXY. 



niul the narrator of his travels. At Babylon, he 

 conversed with the Magi, and departed thcm.-e, with 

 ricll presents, on his way to Taxclla, where Phraor- 

 t. -. kiii- of India, had his seat of government, vho 

 i\i\r him letters of introduction to the first among 

 Uie Braniins, After four monllis A. returned to Ba- 

 bylon, from whence he proceeded to Ionia, ami visited 

 several cities. His feme every where preceded 

 him, and the people came forth eagerly to meet 

 him. He publicly reproached them for their indo- 

 lence, and recommended community of goods, accord- 

 ing to the doctrines of Pytliagoras. He prophesied 

 pestilence and earthquakes at Ephesus, which after- 

 wards really came to pass. He spent one night in 

 solitude at the grave of Achilles, and pretended to 

 have had a conversation with the sliade ot that hero. 

 At Lesbos, he convened with the priests of Orpheus, 

 who at first refused to initiate him into the sacred 

 mysteries, regarding him as a sorcerer ; but they 

 received him some years later. At Athens, he re- 

 commended to the people sacrifices, prayers, and re- 

 formation of their morals. In every place which he 

 visited, he maintained that he could prophesy and 

 l>erfonu miracles. At last he came to Rome. Nero 

 had, just before, banished all the magicians from the 

 city. A. felt that he might be arrested in conse- 

 quence of this edict ; this reflection, however, did not 

 prevent him from entering the city, with eight of his 

 companions; but his stay was short. He raised a 

 young lady from the dead, says an historian, and was 

 expelled from the city. He then visited Spain, re- 

 turned through Italy to Greece, and thence to Egypt, 

 where Vespasian made use of him for the support of 

 his authority, and asked advice of him as of an oracle. 

 Thence he journeyed to Ethiopia, and, after his re- 

 turn, was received as favourably by Titus, who 

 asked his advice in all the affairs of government. 

 When Domitian ascended the throne, A. was accused 

 of having excited an insurrection in Egypt, in favour of 

 Nerva. He readily submitted to a trial, and was ac- 

 quitted. After this, he went once more to Greece, 

 and passed over to Ephesus, where he opened a 

 Pythagorean school, and died, almost 100 years old. 

 Among the many miracles related of him, he is said 

 to have announced the murder of Domitian, at the 

 very moment when it happened. The heathens com- 

 pare him to Christ, as a worker of miracles. Flavius 

 Philostratus wrote a history of his life, very favoura- 

 ble to him, in eight parts. 



APOLOGETICS. A great number of apologies were 

 written in defence ofChristianity, in the early ages of 

 the church, by Justin and others, but apologetics did 

 not form a separate branch of theological science till 

 the 18th century. We understand by them a philo- 

 sophical exhibition of the arguments for the divine 

 origin of Christianity. They are to be carefully dis- 

 tinguished from polemical writings, which have for 

 their object only to maintain the peculiarities of one 

 religious sect or party against another. Hugo Grotius 

 is one of the most eminent among the writers of these 

 works. The Genie du Christianisme of Chateaubriand 

 is a superficial declamation, with little merit but that 

 of elegance. One of the principal apologetic works of 

 modern times is in Danish Kristelig Jpologetik, eller 

 Videntkabflig UdvUcling af Grundene forKristendom- 

 ment Guddommelighed, ved P. E. Midler (Christian 

 Apologetics, or philosophical Arguments for the 

 divine Origin of Christianity), Copenhagen, 1810. 



APOLOGUE. See Fable. 



APOLOGY ; defence of one who is accused. Judicial 

 trials, among the ancients, were public, as they are in 

 Britain and America, and consisted of speeches for 

 nnd against a person or cause, and of the examination 

 of witnesses. From judicial defences, which were 

 often written down during the trial, and frequently 



composed accurately, and committed to paper by (he 

 speakers themselves, and afterwards made public, 

 arose apologies. Of this nature are the apologies of 

 Socrates, attributed to Plato and Xenophon, The 

 former is a lalwured speech, in which Socrates is in- 

 troduced speaking himself ; the latter, rather a narra- 

 tion of the last hours and words of the wise man, with 

 an explanation of the reasons why he preferred death, 

 by which lie seemed elevated above liN accusers morfl 

 than he would have been by a formal defence, which 

 he scorned to make. Later rhetoricians wrote upon 

 the use of apologies, and can-ed them to be composed 

 by their scholars. Of this sort are the Apologies of 

 Libanius (in four parts, the Reiske edition). Tims 

 the name passed over to Christian authors, who, hav- 

 ing before been orators or philosophers, borrowed ;\ 

 great part of their teclmical terms from the public 

 courts of justice. They gave the name of y/A/vV.s 

 to the writings which were designed to defend Chris- 

 tianity against the attacks and accusations of its ene- 

 mies, particularly the pagan philosophers, and to jus- 

 tify its professors before the emperors. Of this sort 

 were those by Justin Martyr, Athenagoras,Tertullian, 

 Tatian ; and others, which are lost, written by Qiu;d- 

 ratus, Aristides, Melito, Miltiades,andTheophilus. To 

 these might be added several works of Origen, Cle- 

 ment or Alexandria, Eusebius ; and, among tin- 

 Latins, those of Lactantius, Arnobius, Minucius Felix, 

 and Augustin, though they are published under 

 another title. We must not expect in them strict 

 philosophical connexion, nor the accurate interpre- 

 tation of the sacred writings. It must be remembered, 

 that most of the authors, part of whom had belonged 

 to the profession of advocates, made use of all the 

 arts of eloquence that were permitted in public 

 courts. After the secure establishment ofChristianity, 

 such apologies, in a great measure, ceased to appear, 

 till, in later times, several writers have again attacked 

 it, either directly or by indirect insinuation. In con- 

 sequence, new apologies have been written, and, 

 among many weak ones, some exhibit great power 

 and eloquence. There are, also, apologies for the 

 doctrines of particular sects ; e. g., Robert Barclay's 

 Apology for the People in Scorn called Quakers. 



APONO, Peter, one of the most celebrated physicians 

 of the 13th century, was born at Apono, or Abano, 

 a village near Padua, in 1250. He studied at the 

 university of Paris. His reputation as a physician 

 became so great, that his rivals, envious of his cele- 

 brity, gave out that he was aided in his cures by evil 

 spirits, and brought him under the notice of the in- 

 quisition, but he died before his process was finished. 

 His body would have been consigned to the flames, 

 but for the attachment of a female domestic, who had 

 it privately disinterred, and secretly re-buried. His 

 memory received honours more tlian equal to this 

 attempted disgrace, for the duke of Urbino and the 

 senate of Padua afterwards erected statues to him. 

 Besides the work, Conciliator Differentiarum Phifaso- 

 phortim, et prcecipue Medicornm, which he composed 

 in Paris, and which was published at Padua, in 1490, 

 and reprinted at Florence and at Venice, this author 

 wrote De Venenis eorumque Remcdiis, Marpurg, 

 1517, and Venice, 1550; De Medicina Omnimoda ; 

 Queestianes de Felribus ; and various other works. 



APOPHTHEGM (from the Greek areftvyftu) ; a short 

 pithy sentence, or maxim, as, for example, the sayings 

 of the seven wise men, so called. Julius Caesar wrote 

 a collection of them, but history has not handed them 

 down to us. Several modern writers have written 

 such apophthegms, in prose and verse. Some parts 

 of the Bible are entirely composed of apophthegms. 



APOPLEXY is the name applied to a disease which 

 occurs very suddenly, as if a. blow liad been inflicted 

 upon the head, and deprives the person of conscious- 



