220 



AQUITANI A ARABIA. 



closet with Innocent IV., when an officer brought in 

 a large sum of money produced by the sale ot abso- 

 lutions and indulgencies, "Vim see, young man," 

 said the pope, " the age of the church Is past, in 

 which she said, 'Silver and gold liave I none."' 

 ' True, holy father," replied the anodic doctor; 

 " but the age is also past, when she could say to a 

 paralytic, 'Rise up, and walk.'" In 12(>3, he re- 

 turned to Italy, when pope Clement IV. offered him 

 tin- archbishopric of Naples, which he refused. A 

 general council being summoned at Lyons, in 1274, 

 for the purpose of uniting the Greek and Latin 

 churches, Ai|iiin;is was called thither, to present the 

 council with a book, which he hnd written on the 

 subject, but died on the way, near Terracina. After 

 his death, (lie honours paid to his memory were pro- 

 digious : besides the title of angelic doctor, bestowed 

 on him after the fashion of the times, lie was called 

 the angel of the schools, the eagle of divines, and the 

 fifth doctor of the church ; and, at the request of the 

 Dominicans, he was canonized by John XXII., his 

 tomb supplying the necessary testimony of miracles. 

 His writings, which were held in the highest estima- 

 tion in the next century, gave rise to a sect, called, 

 after him, Thomists. They are exceedingly volumi- 

 nous, amounting to seventeen volumes folio. His 

 principal work, Summa Theologian, bears a high re- 

 putation in the Roman Catholic church, and the 

 second section on morals is universally esteemed. 

 The latest edition of his works at large is that of 

 Antwerp, 1612 ; but his Summa Theologian lias passed 

 separately through various editions. The resemblance, 

 in thinking and writing, between Augustin and Aqui- 

 nas is so marked, that it has been fancifully said, that 

 the soul of the one had passed into the body of the 

 oilier. Another A., properly called Philip a" Aquino, 

 a baptized Jew, acquired much reputation by his 

 knowledge of Hebrew, which he taught at Paris, in 

 the reign of Louis XIII., as well as by his Dicticna- 

 rittm Hebreeo- Chaldao- Thalmudico-Rabbinicum. 



AQUITANIA ; the name of a Roman province in 

 Gaul, which comprehended the countries on the coast 

 from the Garonne to the Pyrenees, and from the sea 

 to Toulouse. Augustus extended it to the Loire. 

 Those who dwelt near this western coast were called, 

 by the Celts, Armoricans, and were probably of 

 Spanish origin, driven towards the west by the incur- 

 sions of the Celts. They were actively engaged in 

 commerce. In Aquitania the Visigoths established 

 a kingdom, A. D. 412. Since that time, it has been 

 sometimes a kingdom, sometimes a duchy ; and, more 

 lately, it has passed under the name of Guienne. At 

 present, the ci-devant Guienne forms the two depart- 

 ments of Gironde, and of Lot and Garonne. 



ARABELLA STUART ; commonly called the lady 

 Arabella. Tliis unhappy and innocent victim of 

 jealousy and state policy was the only child of 

 Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox, younger brother to 

 Henry lord Darnley, the husband of Mary queen of 

 Scots. She was therefore cousin-german to James 

 I., to whom, previously to his having issue, she was 

 next in the line of succession to the crown of Eng- 

 land, being the grand-daughter of Henry VII., by 

 the second marriage of his eldest daughter, Margaret. 

 She received an excellent education. Her proximity 

 to the throne was the source of her misfortunes. 

 Elizabeth, for some time before her decease, held the 

 lady Arabella under restraint, and refused the re- 

 quest of die king of Scotland to give her in marriage 

 to the duke of Lennox, his kinsman, with a view to 

 remove her from England. The pope had likewise 

 formed the design of raising her to the English 

 tlirone, by espousing her to the duke of Savoy; 

 which project is said to have been listened to by 

 Henry IV. of France, from a wish to prevent the 



union of England and Scotland. The detection of a 

 plot of soiiii- F.n^lish in ihlcs to set aside James in 

 favour of A., of which she was altogether innocent, 

 ultimately proved her destruction ; for, although left 

 at liberty for the present, when it was some time 

 afier discovered that she was M-rretly married to the 

 i;rands.on of the earl of Hertford, both husband and 

 wife were committed to the tower. After u year's 

 imprisonment, they contrived to escape, but the un- 

 happy huly was retaken. Remanded to the tower, 

 tin- remainder of her life was spent in close confine- 

 ment, which finally deprived her of her reason. She 

 died on the 27th September, 1615, aged thirty-eight 

 years. She possessed talents of a superior order, and 

 a very pleasing person. 



ARABKQUK, or .MUM^OVK, in painting or sculpture, 

 is a term applied to a particular species of ornamen- 

 tal frieze or border, first introduced into Europe, as 

 lias been asserted, by the Moors, when they con- 

 quered Spain. This assertion, however, is not alto- 

 gether well founded, since some indications of this 

 style of ornament may be observed on the friezes of 

 the ancient buildings in Rome. The Moors being 

 prohibited by the Alcoran from representing the 

 figures of men and beasts, have endeavoured to evadu 

 this law by inventing a series of monsters, griffins, 

 dragons, strange, birds, and chimeras, passing by 

 wild gradations from one class of beings into another ; 

 affixing the head, wings, and talons of birds to the 

 bodies of lions, horses, and other quadrupeds ; and 

 making the upper parts of children, men, and beasts 

 spring out from amidst luxuriant clusters of foliage, 

 &c. This strange and incongruous admixture of parts 

 is, however, capable of being formed into beautiful 

 arrangements ; since, in some of the chambers of the 

 palace of the Vatican, there are ornamental paint- 

 ings, executed from the drawings of Raffaelle, in this 

 style, which are deservedly much admired. Most of 

 the ornaments around the capitols of Gothic columns 

 in our cathedrals, belong to this species of ornament ; 

 as, for instance, in York-minster, Rosliii chapel ca- 

 thedral, in Icolmkill, and many others. In the old 

 Moorish palaces in Spain are superb specimens of 

 this sort of ornament, as in the Alhambraat Grenada ; 

 and the cathedrals of Coria, Salamanca, Cuidad Ro- 

 drigo, Valladolid, &c. abound with it. In the painted 

 chambers of Pompeia, also, it has been detected, and 

 in some of the mausoleums of ancient Rome, parti- 

 cularly in that called the Sepulchro Nasoni, as well 

 as in the baths of Titus. 



ARABIA; a peninsula containing about 1,000,000 

 square miles, and 12,000,000 inhabitants; the most 

 westerly portion of southern Asia, extending from 

 33" 30> to 59" 30' E. Ion., and from 12 to 3& N. Lit. 

 By the inhabitants, it is sometimes called Arabia, 

 sometimes Dsvherira alArab ; by Turks and Persians, 

 Arabistan. It lies between the Red sea and Persian 

 gulf ; bounded on the north by the great deserts Irak 

 and Dschesira, on the south by the Arabian sea, and 

 connected with Africa on the north-west by the isth- 

 mus of Suez. Instead of the old divisions of Ptolemy, 

 A. Deserta, A. the Stony, or A. Petraea (from an 

 ancient fortified place, used for merchandise, called 

 Petra), and A. the Happy, the more natural divi- 

 sion is that which distinguishes the coast, covered with 

 aloes, manna, myrrh, frankincense, indigo, nutmegs, 

 and especially coffee, from the interior, consisting of 

 a desert of moving sand with thorns and saline herbs. 

 The civil divisions are five provinces : 1. The coun- 

 try of Yemen, containing about 68,700 sq. miles, and 

 3,000,000 inhabitants, is governed by the hereditary 

 caliph or imam of Yemen, who recognises the su- 

 premacy of the Turkish caliphate, and resides at Sana. 

 In 1818, the viceroy of Egypt subjected Yemen, which 

 contains Mocha, en the straits of Babelmandel. The 



