230 



ARCANUM ARCHBISHOP. 



lished collections of the poems of this association, and 

 l>;i>raphi>-s of several of its members. In IS'M, Leo 

 XI?., under the name of Leo Pistole Cecropio, was 

 admitted a member. 



\NOM; a secret; especially a secret remedy, 

 tir a medicine of which the ingredients and prepara- 

 tion are kept secret. Such medicines, on account of 

 numerous abuses, have been made, in some countries, 

 nn object of medical police. In the time of alchymy, 

 there were many celebrated arcana. 



ARCESILACS, a Greek philosopher, the founder of 

 the second or middle academy, was born at Pitane, 

 hi .Kolia, in the first year of the 1 16th Olympiad, 

 B. C. 316, and sent to Athens to study rhetoric, but 

 philosophy attracted him more. He enjoyed the 

 instructions of the Peripatetic Theophrastus, then of 

 I'olemon, and, after the death of Crates, stood at the 

 head of the academy, but made important innovations 

 in its doctrines. Plato and his successors had distin- 

 guished two kinds of objects material, which act 

 upon the senses, and those that are only compre- 

 hended by the mind. Our notions of the former, 

 they say, compose opinion ; of the latter, know ledge. 

 Arcesilnus, who approached to scepticism, or rather 

 went beyond it, denied that a man knows any thing 

 even the fact that he knows nothing. He rejected 

 as false and delusive the testimony of the senses, 

 and accordingly maintained, that the truly wise man 

 am maintain nothing. In this way he was able to 

 combat all opinions. As he was obliged, however, 

 to reconcile these strange maxims with the necessities 

 of life, imposed alike on every being, he said their 

 strict application was admitted only in science, and 

 that a man may even adhere to what is only probable 

 in the present life. Moreover, he was kind to the 

 distressed, and a friend to pleasure. A rival of Aris- 

 tippus,- he divided his time between Venus, Bacchus, 

 and the Muses, without ever filling a public office. 

 He died, from an intemperate indulgence in wine, 

 seventy-five years old, in the fourth year of the 134th 

 Olympiad. 



ARCH, in building. See Architecture. 



ARCH (from the Greek prefix *^/) ; a syllable 

 which is placed before some words, in order to de- 

 note the highest degree of their kind, whether good 

 or bad, e. g. archangel, archduke, archchancellor, 

 archbishop, archspirit of evil, archfiend, archflatterer, 

 archfelon, &c. Many of the highest officers in differ- 

 ent empires have this syllable prefixed to their titles, 

 iind, in the German empire, the arch-offices (erzcemter), 

 as they were called, were of high importance. They 

 were established in France, by the same constitution 

 which conferred the imperial dignity on Napoleon. 



ARCHAISM ; an antiquated word or phrase. In ge- 

 neral, the use of archaisms is objectionable, but in 

 certain kinds of writing, and particularly in poetry, 

 they may even be an ornament, as they are often 

 peculiarly forcible. 



ARCHANGEL ; the chief city in a Russian district of 

 the same name, which contains 356,400 sq. miles, 

 with 263,100 inhabitants, among whom are 7000 Sa- 

 inoyedes. The city lies between twenty and thirty 

 miles from the mouth of the Dwina, on the White sea ; 

 long. 38 5/ E. ; lat. 64 34' N. It contains 1900 

 houses and 15,100 inhabitants. The monastery of 

 Michael the archangel, founded there in 1584, gave 

 the city its name. The English first discovered a 

 passage thither through the Frozen ocean, A.D. 1553, 

 and, until the building of Petersburg, A. was tiie 

 only port whence the productions of Russia were ex- 

 ported. When Petersburg became a place of export, 

 and Riga also was used as a Russian port, the trade 

 of A. sunk till 1762, when queen Elizabeth granted 

 to it all the privileges of Petersburg. The trade on 

 the Dwina has since increased more and more with 



the growing population of Russia ; and A. has bv 

 come the chief mart of all imports and exports for 

 Siberia, being connected by canals with Moscow and 

 Astrachan. In June or July, foreign vessels arrive, 

 which sail again in the last of September or October. 

 In tiiese summer months, there is a perpetual market 

 for fish, fish-oil, Uvllow, grain, various sorts of fui, 

 skins, ship-timber, wax, iron, coarse linen, hogs* 

 bristles, china and japanned wares, caviare, sturgeon, 

 &c. More than 200 foreign vessels arrive annually ; 

 in 1823, 230 sailed. The trade is seriously obstructed 

 by a sand-bank, affording only twelve and a half feet 

 Of water, at the entrance of the harbour, which is in 

 other respects good. The fortification of Nova-Dwi- 

 esk protects the entrance. There are now dock- 

 yards here for ships of war, which are built by the 

 Russian government in A. as cheap or cheaper than 

 they can miild them in any other place ; also an ex- 

 cellent warehouse for foreign merchandise subject lo 

 a duty, lu April, the ice breaks up at the mouth of 

 the Dwina, on the banks of which, 65 N. lat., the 

 vegetation of grain and fruit entirely ceases. Seven- 

 teen versts from the city is the anchoring place of 

 ships, witli three docks. A civil and military gover- 

 nor, and an archbishop, reside at A. The house of 

 the admiralty and the barracks of the soldiers are 

 situated on the island Solombol, formed by the rivei 

 Cuschenida. In 1816, the value of imported goods 

 subject to duties was 1,138,000 rubles, and of the 

 exports, 8,600,000 rubles. The paper ruble fluctu- 

 ates in value with the exchange; in 1829, it was 

 estimated at about llrf. sterling; while the silver 

 ruble is worth 3*. 2jjrf. The shortness of the nights, 

 during the time the harbour is navigable, presents 

 a natural obstacle to smuggling. The shortest day 

 is three hours and twelve minutes long. Many 

 expeditions, every year, for fishing and hunting, go 

 from this place to Spitzbergen and Nova Zenibla, 

 by water in summer, and by sledges in winter, to the 

 mouth of the Lena, and perhaps farther. 



ARCHBISHOP (from the Greek ; in Latin, archiepis- 

 eopus) ; a metropolitan prelate, having several suffra- 

 gan bishops under him. In Catholic countries, the 

 archiepiscopal chapters elect the archbishop, who is 

 confirmed by the pope. The establishment of this 

 dignity is to be traced up to the earliest times of 

 Christianity, when the bishops and inferior clergy 

 met in the capitals to deliberate on spiritual affairs, 

 and the bishop of the city where the meeting was 

 held presided. Certain honours were allowed him, 

 the title of metropolitan particularly, on account of his 

 residence. The synod of Antioch gave the arch- 

 bishops, in the year 341, the superintendence over 

 several dioceses, which were called their province, 

 and a rank above the clergy of the same, who were 

 obliged to .isk their advice hi some cases. By de- 

 grees, their privileges increased ; but of these the 

 pope has retained many since the 9th century, so 

 that only the following were left to the archbishops : 

 jurisdiction, in the first instance, over their suffra- 

 gan bishops, in cases not of a criminal nature, and 

 appellative jurisdiction from the bishops' courts ; the 

 right of convoking a provincial synod, which they 

 were required to do at least once in every three years, 

 and the right of presiding in the same ; the care of 

 enforcing the observance of the rules of the church, 

 of remedying abuses, of distributing indulgences; the 

 right of devolution (q. v.), of having the cross carried 

 before them in all parts of the province (if the pope 

 himself or a legatus a. Mere is not present), and of 

 wearing the archiepiscopal pallium (q. v.) In Eng- 

 land there are two (Protestant) archbishops those of 

 Canterbury and York ; the former styled primate ofaV 

 England, the latter, primate of England; but with 

 regard to the exact distinctions between these appc)- 



