ARCHDEACON ARCHERY. 



231 



lations, there is no little obscurity in the books of 

 such as treat upon this subject. In ancient times, 

 the primacy of the archbishop of Canterbury extended 

 to Ireland, as well as England. Hence he was styled 

 a patriarch, had the titles of orbis Britannici pontifex, 

 and of papa alterius orbis. He is the first peer of the 

 realm, having precedency before all dukes not of 

 royal birth. He crowns the sovereign, whether king 

 or queen, and when he is invested with his arch- 

 bishopric, he is said to be enthroned. The first pre- 

 lates fn England are his officers. He is addressed by 

 the titles ot your grace, and most reverend father in 

 God, and writes himself by divine providence, while 

 the bishop only writes by divine permission. His 

 jurisdiction extends over twenty-one dioceses. The 

 first archbishop of Canterbury was Austin, appointed 

 A. D. 598, by Ethelbert, when he was converted to 

 Christianity. Next in dignity is the archbishop of 

 York. He takes place of all dukes not of the blood 

 royal, and all the great officers of the crown, except 

 the lord high chancellor of England. He crowns 

 the queen consort. The first archbishop of York was 

 Paulinus, appointed in 622. The income of these 

 two highest prelates of England has often been mis- 

 represented, one party stating it too high, the other 

 too low. It is certainly very great, though the 

 amount cannot be exactly ascertained. Scotland had 

 two archbishops those of St Andrews and Glasgow ; 

 now she has none. In Ireland, there are four 

 those of Dublin, Armagh, Tuam, and Cashel. In 

 the United States, there is an archbishop of the 

 Roman Catholic church, whose see is at Baltimore, 

 and whose spiritual jurisdiction extends over all 

 the United States. There is, as yet, no archbishop 

 of the Protestant Episcopal church, though there are 

 several bishops. In the year 1828, pope Leo XII. 

 appointed, after much delay, an archbishop in Colom- 

 bia, whom Bolivar had proposed. Perhaps the two 

 most important archbishops in history were those of 

 Cologne and Mentz. These archbishops were sove- 

 reigns of a considerable country, electors of the Ger- 

 man empire, and the two highest officers under the 

 emperor. Till Napoleon dissolved the German em- 

 pire, they played a conspicuous part in the history of 

 the continent. In France, there are now nine arch- 

 bishops ; in Spain, eight ; in Portugal, two ; in 

 Hungary, three ; in Italy, thirty-eight. 



ARCHDEACON. This ecclesiastical officer, who was 

 at first only the chief among the deacons in a cathe- 

 dral or metropolitan church, in the 5th century, 

 acquired an importance, which raised him above the 

 rank of presbyters, and placed him nearly on an 

 equality with the bishops. The archdeacons have 

 since been not mere assistants, but representatives of 

 the bishops in the dioceses and councils. By de- 

 grees, the affairs of the bishop's jurisdiction, the 

 superintendence of the clergy, the churches, con- 

 vents, and ecclesiastical possessions, the right of 

 visitation, the trial of heresies in the western bishop- 

 rjcs, came to be exercised by the archdeacons. Until 

 the 9th century, they were only delegates of the 

 bishops, but they afterwards became independent 

 officers of the church, with almost episcopal power, 

 partly through the weakness and ignorance of their 

 principals, partly through the division of the dioceses, 

 which took place in the 8th century, into several 

 smaller districts or archdeaconates, over which the 

 archdeacons presided. In the llth and 12th centu- 

 ries, they were acknowledged as the most influential 

 prelates of the church, and at the summit of their 

 power. On the establishment of the general episco- 

 pal tribunals under particular officers or general vi- 

 cars, in the 13th century, the dignity of the archdea- 

 cons diminished, and their jurisdiction in mostdioceses, 

 in the 1 5th and lth centuries, passed to the new- 



courts. In the 18th century, they were still regarded 

 as dignitaries in some chapters ; but now this office, 

 principally on account of the contention about rank 

 with the deans and other officers, is almost wholly 

 abolished in the Catholic church. In the chapters 

 established again since the downfall of Napoleon, it 

 has not been revived. In the Greek church, since 

 the 7th century, there have been no archdeacons, 

 except one in the Greek imperial court at Constanti- 

 nople. The episcopal church in England, on the 

 contrary, still has archdeacons, who are the deputies 

 of the bishops, to superintend the districts. The 

 archdeacons in the evangelical Lutheran church 

 enjoy no particular privileges, except precedence 

 over the other deacons. In Hamburg, they are the 

 second ecclesiastics in the principal churches. 



ARCHELAUS. 1. A Greek philosopher, a disciple of 

 Anaxagoras. He flourished about 440 years B. C. 

 Like his predecessor, he chiefly devoted his attention 

 to the origin of things. He first taught at Lampsa- 

 cus, and subsequently removed to Athens, where So- 

 crates became his disciple and successor. 2. A. 

 king of Macedon, natural son of Perdiccas II., and 

 his successor. He entertained at his court Eurjpides, 

 and employed Zeuxis' pencil. He died about 398 

 B. C. 3. The son of Herod the Great. His reign is 

 described as most tyrannical and bloody. The people 

 at length accused him before Augustus (Judea being 

 then dependent upon Rome). The emperor, after 

 hearing his defence, banished him to Vienne, in Gaul, 

 where ne died. To avoid the fury of this monster, 

 Joseph and Mary retired to Nazareth. 4. The son 

 of Apollonius, a sculptor. He was a native of Ionia, 

 and is thought to have lived under Claudius. He 

 executed in marble the apotheosis of Homer, which 

 was found, in 1768, at a place called Fratocchia be- 

 longing to the house of Colonna. 



ARCHENHOLZ, John William von ; a very volumin- 

 ous German author ; born 1743, died 1812. He is 

 known in foreign countries by his England and Italy, 

 translated into almost all the living languages of 

 Europe. He also wrote Annals of British History, 

 from 1788, in twenty vols. 178998. Perhaps his 

 most important work is his History of the Seven 

 Years' War (in German), two vols. Berlin, 1793. 



ARCHERY ; the art of shooting with a bow and ar- 

 row. This art, either as a means of offence in war, 

 or of subsistence and amusement in time of peace, 

 may be traced in the history of almost every nation. 

 The first notice of archery in the sacred writings oc- 

 curs in the twenty-first chapter of Genesis, where it 

 is said, that Ishmael,the illegitimate son of Abraham, 

 "dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer." 

 It appears that the Jews did not excel so much in 

 this art as some of the neighbouring nations, by 

 whom they were infested with perpetual hostilities. 

 When David succeeded to the throne, he found it 

 necessary to issue an order, that Judah, the most 

 warlike ofall the tribes, should be taught the use of 

 the bow. Jonathan, the son of Saul, appears to have 

 been so expert in the practice of archery, that he 

 never drew his bow in battle, without drenching his 

 arrows in the blood of the mighty ; but in that fatal 

 encounter, in which he and his father fell, the Phi- 

 listines manifested a great superiority over the men 

 of Israel, in the use of that military weapon. From 

 different passages of the Old Testament, and from 

 other ancient books, we learn, that archery was used 

 not only in war, and as a pastime, but also as one of 

 the means of divination. From the accounts trans- 

 mitted to us by Herodotus, it would appear that the 

 Scythians were superior to all other nations in the 

 practice of archery ; and that the Ethiopians and 

 Egyptians also greatly excelled the Persians, Among 

 the Greeks, the bow and arrow appear to have been 



