231 



ARCHIPELAGO. ARCHITECTURE. 



eventy.five years old when he lost his lift-. On his 

 tombstone was placed a cylinder, with a sphere in- 

 scribed in it, thereby to immortalize his disco\ery of 

 their inutiuil relation, on which he set particular 

 value. Cicero, who was appointed cpiastor over 

 Sicily, found tin's monument in a thicket which con- 

 cealed it. The works of Archimedes, as arranged 

 by Torelli, are, 1. De Planorum Kijuilibriis, cum 

 Comment. Eutoc. AscaloniUH. 2. (Jitutlmtitra Para- 

 Met. 3. De Planorum Eyuilibriiii, cum t'omm. Eu- 

 toc. Ascalon. 4. De Spheer. et Cylindro, lib. prim, 

 rum Comm. Eutoc Ascalon. 5. De Spheer. et Cy- 

 limtro. lib. sec. cum. Comm. Eutoc. Ascalon. C>. 

 Circiili Dimensio, cum Comm. Eutoc. Ascalon. 7. 

 De llf/ii-i/His. 8. De Conoidibus et Spheroidibus, cum 

 Turelli Comment in Prop. 12. 9. Arenariits. 10. 

 De tit qua in Hinnido I'ehuntttr, lib prim. 11. De 

 Hi qtiee in llttmido I'chuntttr, lib sec. 12. Lemmata. 

 13. Opera Mechanica, ut cujusque mentio ab antiquis 

 scriptoribus facta est. After Uie taking of Constan- 

 tinople, in the middle of the 15th century, the works 

 of Archimedes were brought, by the Greek refugees, 

 from that city to Italy, where they were found by 

 the celebrated Regiomontanus, who carried them 

 into Germany. In 15-14, they were published at 

 Basil, in Greek and Latin, by Hervagius, and were 

 accompanied with the Commentaries of Eutocius. 

 They have since passed through many editions, and 

 have been illustrated by the annotations of some of 

 the most eminent mathematicians of modern times. 

 A very complete and splendid edition of the works 

 of Archimedes issued from the Clarendon press, at 

 Oxford, in 1792. This edition was prepared by 

 Joseph Torelli of Verona. The Latin translation is 

 new ; and there is a large collection of the various 

 readings that occur in the manuscripts of Archi- 

 medes's works which are preserved at Paris and Flo- 

 rence. This edition was printed under the direction 

 of the learned and reverend Abram Robertson, of 

 Christ's Church College, Oxford ; who has added a 

 commentary of his own, on the treatise of Archimedes 

 relative to floating bodies. In the large work, en- 

 titled, " Mathematici Veteres," which contains a 

 collection of the works of the Greek mathematicians, 

 and which appeared at Paris in 1693, the writings of 

 Archimedes hold a principal place. 



ARCHIPELAGO ; a corruption of JEgeopelago, the 

 modem Greek pronunciation of Aiyeuot nxyj, the 

 yKgean sea. The term, however, is applied to any 

 tract of sea alxmnding in small islands, and to the 

 clusters of islands situated therein. The group to 

 which the name is most generally given is that lying 

 in the /Egean sea, between the coasts of ancient 

 Greece and Asia Minor. According to their situa- 

 tion, they are divided into the islands belonging to 

 Europe and to Asia. The former lie together, almost 

 in a circle, and for this reason have been called, by 

 the Greeks, the Cyctades (q. v.) ; the latter, terns 

 farther from one another, the Sporades (q. v.) All 

 these islands are in the government of the capudan 

 pacha, to which, however, Candia, with the little 

 islands lying about it, does not belong. Compare 

 with this article Hydra, Negropont, Scio, Samos, 

 Rhodes, Cyprus, &c. Archipelago, Northern, ex- 



: tends between the coasts of Kamschatka and the west 

 coast of America, and comprehends four clusters : 



1, Sasignan, containing five islands; 2, Khoa, in- 

 cluding eight islands; both these groups together 

 are called the Aleutian islands (q. v.) ; 3, the An- 

 dreanoffski Ostrova, comprising sixteen islands ; 4, 

 the Lyssil or Fox islands, including, also, sixteen 

 islands. Archipelago of Lazarus, near the coast of 

 Malabar and Malacca Archipelago of the Great Cy- 

 cfadet; a cluster of islands in the South Pacific ocean, 

 no named by Bougainville, and afterwards called the 



New Hebrides by Cook. Archipelago of the Philip- 

 pines, containing the Philippines, Moluccas, Celebes, 

 \c. Snine call it, also, the d'reat A. Archipelago 

 of the Recherche; several groups of islands, rocks, 

 and shoals, on the south const of New Holland, ex- 

 tending from bi-tween 34 to 34 3(y S. lat., and 121* 

 30' to 123" 20' E. Ion. The largest islands were 

 named, hy the French, .M,,ndrnm and Middle island. 

 Many other A. might be mentioned. 



ARCIIITKCTDKK, in the general sense of the word, is 

 the art of erecting durable, commodious, healthful, 

 and handsome buildings of all kinds, adapted to the 

 purposes of the builder. According to the objects to 

 which it is applied, architecture is commonly divided 

 into civil architecture, military architecture (see For- 

 tification), and naval architecture. For the sake of 

 convenience, further divisions are sometimes intro- 

 duced, such as hydraulic, mining, &c., architecture. 

 Upon the continent of Europe, architecture is often 

 divided'into private and public. The latter includes 

 all structures commonly undertaken or particularly 

 superintended by government. In Germany and 

 France, there is a ouilding police, which ov 

 both public and private edifices, and takes care that 

 security and health are provided for in both. There 

 is something divine in man, which prompts him to 

 look beyond the mere supply of his necessities, and 

 to aim continually at higher objects. He therefore 

 soon expected from his habitation and his temples 

 more than mere utility. He aimed at elegance, and 

 architecture became, by degrees, a fine art, differing 

 essentially, however, from the other fine arts in these 

 respects; 1, that it is based on utility; 2, that it 

 elevates mathematical laws to rules of beauty. Paint- 

 ing and sculpture are only the expression of the 

 feeling of the beautiful. On the contrary, every 

 creation of architecture must appear to have utility 

 in view. A column or an architrave, which supports 

 nothing, appears ridiculous, and every part of a 

 building ought to show the purpose for which it is 

 designed. Architecture appears to have been among 

 the earliest inventions, and its works have been 

 commonly regulated by some principle of hereditary 

 imitation. Whatever rude structure the climate and 

 materials of any country have obliged its early inha- 

 bitants to adopt for their temporary shelter, the same 

 structure, with all its prominent features, has been 

 afterwards kept up by their refined and opulent pos- 

 terity. Thus the Egyptian style of building has its 

 origin in the cavern and mound;* the Chinese archi- 

 tecture is modelled from the tent; the Grecian is 

 derived from the wooden cabin, and the Gothic from 

 the bmrer of trees. The essential elementary parts 

 of a building are those which contribute to its sup- 

 port, enclosure, and covering. Of these, the most 

 important are the foundation, the column, the wall, 

 the lintel, the arch, the vault, the dome, and the 

 roof. In laying the foundation of any building, it is 

 necessary to dig to a certain depth in the earth, to 

 secure a solid basis, below the reach of frost and 

 common accidents. The most solid basis is rock, or 

 gravel which has not been moved. Next to these 

 are clay and sand, provided no other excavations 

 have been made in the immediate neighbourhood 

 From this basis a stone wall is carried up to the sur- 

 face of the ground, and constitutes the foundation. 

 Where it is intended that the superstructure shall 

 press unequally, as at its peers, chimneys, or columns, 

 it is sometimes of use to occupy the space between 

 the points of pressure by an inverted arch. This 

 distributes the pressure equally, and prevents the 

 foundation from springing between the different 

 points. In loose or muddy situations, it is always 



Wilkius's Vitruvius, p. xvii. 



