246 



A II EL AS AKF.T1N. 



nqiian- n.iU- 



Land area of the southern temperate zone. 



..ii-tralasia, 1,400,000 



Africa, 610,000 



.-until AiiHTicji, 1,520,000 



Total, 3,560,000 



Land area of the northern temperate zone. 



\sia, 7,600,000 



Europe, 3,020,000 



North America, Greenland, &e 5,000,000 



Africa, 2,360,000 



Total, 17,980,000 



I.i ad area in the northern polar circle. 



Asia, 900,OfX) 



Europe, 20,000 



North America, Greenland, &c 2,600,000 



Total, 3,520,000 



Land area in the southern polar circle, 200,000 



But it is doubtful whether there are, in reality, 

 S?00,000 square miles of land within the anUiirtic 

 circle. 



ARELAS, or ARELATUM; the present Aries; in 

 ancient geography, a town of Gallia Narbonensis, 

 situated on the Rhone. It was a favourite place of 

 the Romans, and hence called Gallula Roma. A. 

 was the chief city of the kingdom of Arelat or Aries, 

 which consisted of the duchy of Burgundy, witli 

 Provence, and existed for a short time in the 9th 

 century. See Burgundy. 



ARF.MBERG ; a place with 490 inhabitants, in the 

 mountains of the Eifel, near Cologne, now belonging 

 to the Prussian grand-duchy of the Lower Rhine. 

 The dukes of A. derive their name from this place. 

 ARENA. See Amphitheatre. 



ARENPT, Martin Frederic. This learned man, re- 

 nowned for his scientific travels through a large ji;;rt 

 of Europe, was born at Altona, 1769, and died of the 

 palsy, in the neighbourhood of Venice, 1824. Being 

 recommended by count de Reventlow, in 1797, he was 

 appointed an sieve in the botanic garden at Copen- 

 hagen. But his predilection for the study of an- 

 tiquities led him to the library of the university, 

 where, in the most piercing cold, he spent whole 

 hours in examining the collections of Arnosmagna-. 

 He travelled, in 1798, to Finmark, under the royal 

 patronage. He made accurate observations in Nor- 

 way and other countries, which had been visited by 

 no stranger before him. He, was to have collected 

 living plants and seeds, but he brought back little or 

 nothing, and was therefore discharged. He began 

 his antiquarian collections in Norway, 1799 and 1800. 

 He then resided again in Sweden, in Rostock, in 

 Paris, and in Venice. A part of his papers, drawings, 

 and treatises, all containing researches respecting 

 northern antiquities, he deposited in the library at 

 Copenhagen. He has also published some separate 

 treatises in Paris, and in various cities of Sweden, 

 Germany, and Denmark. Afterwards, he travelled 

 through Switzerland, Spain, Italy, and Hungary. He 

 lived on the charity of strangers, and slept often in 

 the open air, without suffering any inconvenience. 

 He carried all his papers with him. The persecutions 

 which he endured at Naples, on a suspicion of Car- 

 bonarism, contributed much to hasten his death. 



ARENS, or ARENSHADE; a district of Denmark, in 

 the duchy of Sleswick, through which runs the fa- 

 mous wall called Danneuske, which Gottric, king of 

 Denmark, built,in the 9th century, across the country 

 from Hollingsted to the Sky (an extent of forty-six 



miles), iis a defence against tlio inroads of (lie Fnxons 

 and SUivi. The. natives of A. were the first in tl.e 

 country wlm professed Christianity, and their church, 

 built in 826, was demolished several times by the 

 idolaters. 



ARKOI-AGUS ; the oldest of the Athenian courts of 

 justice, and, at the same time, the most famous for 

 its respectability, purity, and love of jiMire. It ob- 

 tained its name from its jilace of meeting, on the hill 

 of Mars, near the citadel. The establishment of this 

 court is ascribed, by some, to Cecrops, by others, to 

 Solon ; from the latter, however, it seems to have 

 only received a better constitution and more important 

 privileges. Of how many members it consisted, is 

 not now known. A seat in it was held for life. Tim 

 members were men who had formerly been archons, 

 had rendered themselves worthy of this honour by the 

 honest and diligent execution of their office, and who- 

 character and conduct had been subjected to a par- 

 ticular examination. Aristides called the areopagns 

 the most sacred tribunal of Greece ; and Demosthenes 

 assures us, that they never passed a sentence in which 

 lx>th parties did not concur. The crimes tried before 

 this tribunal were wilful murder, poison, robbery, 

 arson, dissoluteness of morals, and innovations in the 

 state and in religion ; at the same time, they took 

 care of helpless orphans. The other states of Greece 

 also, submitted their disputes to the judgment ot the 

 areopagus. Its meetings were held in the open air, 

 and in the night time. After the investigation of a 

 case, the votes were collected. Till the government 

 of Pericles, this court of justice retained its purity 

 inviolate ; it was first encroached upon by his causing 

 himself to be made a member, without having been 

 archon. It retained its respectability, however, for 

 a long time, but sunk, gradually, with the decline of 

 Athens. 



AREQUIPA ; a city of Peru, and capital of a province 

 of the same name ; 180 miles S. of Cuzco, 340 N.W. 

 of La Plata; Ion. 71 48' W.; lat. 16 30' S.; pop. 

 stated from 24,000 to 40,000. It is situated in a fer- 

 tile valley, and is elevated 7775 feet above the level of 

 the sea. Behind the city rises three lofty mountains, 

 one of which is called the volcano of Arequipa, or 

 peak of Miste, and is one of the most elevated sum- 

 mits of the Andes. The houses are well built of stone, 

 are vaulted, and are much decorated on the outside. 

 It contains a cathedral, a college, an hospital, three 

 nunneries, six convents, &c. It is subject to frequent 

 earthquakes ; but this evil seems to be. overbalanced 

 by the mildness of the climate, and the beauty and 

 fertility of the country round about. Aranta is tin: 

 port of A. 



ARES. See Mars. 



ARESKOUI, or AREOCSKI ; the god of war among some 

 of the American Indians. 



ARETHUSA. 1. One of the Hesperides. 2. A 

 daughter of Nereus and Doris, first a nymph of Diana , 

 then a famous fountain of the island Ortygia, which 

 comprises a fourth part of the city of Syracuse. (Re- 

 specting her metamorphosis into a fountain, see 

 Alpheus.) As Theocritus composed his idyls on her 

 banks, she is often made the muse of pastorals. 



ARETIN (Christopher), baron of ; born at Ingolstadt, 

 December 2, 1772. He early entered into the public- 

 service. In 1799 and 1800, he urged the abolish- 

 ment of the feudal estates, and the assembling of the 

 diet. In the contest of the Bavarian states with the 

 government, in 1800 and 1801, he was very active as 

 a writer. In 1803 after the abolition of the monas- 

 teries, he was appointed commissioner, by the govern- 

 ment, to examine their libraries; in 1804, he was 

 made vice-president of the academy of sciences ; in 



1806, chief director of the library of Munich, and, in 



1807, secretary to the first class of the academy 01 



