252 



A 111 ANNA AHION. 



abandoned by Theseus on the same Maud, where she 

 Jirtl. ! leiuv \\ -ere derived two kinds of feasts, called 

 Ariadneee. 



ARIAXNA ; a small village, six miles N. E. of Tunis, 

 remarkable for a fine range of the Carthaginian aque- 

 duct, 74 feet high, supported by columns 16 feet 

 square, which increase in grandeur the nearer they 

 approach the site of Carthage. The stone is all cut 

 in a diamond shape. Near this spot, several ancient 

 matamores, or subterraneous magazines for corn, have 

 l>een discovered within these few years, capable of 

 containing 100 bushels, strongly arched with large 

 square stones. The Moors have already begun to 

 demolish them. 



ARIANS ; the adherents of the Alexandrian bishop 

 Anus, who maintained, about A.D. 318, that Christ, 

 the Son of God is the most noble of all things created 

 out of nothing, but inferior to God, and produced by his 

 free will. Tin's opinion was condemned in the coun- 

 cil of Alexandria, 320, and in that of Nice, 325, by 

 the orthodox church, which attributed to the Son of 

 <;<xl perfect equality of essence with the Father, and 

 knew noway of exuressing his relation to the Father, 

 but by calling it his eternal generation. The articles 

 of the Nicene and of the Atlianasian creeds, the latter 

 of which, though fuller, is based on the former, arose 

 from the contest against Arius. Though his party 

 was banished, he found means to procure powerful 

 adherents ; and Constantine the Great, from his desire 

 of peace, wished to bring about the restoration of 

 Arius to the Catholic communion, when the latter 

 died suddenly, 336. After his death, his party gained 

 considerable accessions, and Constantine, a short time 

 before his decease, 337, caused himself to be baptised 

 in the Arian mode. Under Constantius, Arianism 

 became the religion of the court, formed its own 

 liturgy, and, after 350, when Constantius ruled alone, 

 it prevailed also in the West, and Rome was obliged 

 to receive the Arian bishop Felix. The divisions 

 among the Arians themselves, in the meantime, pre- 

 I >ared a final victory for the Catholic church, which 

 held the former constantly under its anathema. At 

 fir>t, the Semi-Arians, or Half-Arians, whose lead- 

 ers, Basil of Ancyra, and George of Lnodicea, 

 were powerful in Syria, approximated to the Catholic 

 creed by maintaining a similarity of essence between 

 the Son and the Father (Aomoiousia, hence Homowu- 

 fiant), and by that means, gained the superiority at 

 the imperial court, although Macedonius and the 

 Piif umatomachists (see Holy Spirit) belonged to the 

 Catholic party. But the victory of the orthodox was 

 promoted by the excesses of the strict Arians, ./Etius, 

 and Eunomius of Cappadocia, together with their 

 numerous adherents, who, in the council at Sirmium, 

 357, by maintaining that the Son of God is a wholly 

 different being from the Father (hence Heterousians, 

 Anomaans), excited even the Semi-Arians against 

 them, and, by restoring the former mode of baptism 

 by immersion, aroused even the opposition of the 

 people. The emperor Julian the Apostate, who, 

 from contempt towards Christianity, tolerated all sects, 

 ended the contest, and suffered no religious disputes 

 to arise. Arianism again ascended the throne in the 

 East with Valens, 364, and, growing bold, proceeded 

 to acts of violence against the Catholics. But Gra- 

 tian maintained peace, Theodosius restored the do- 

 minion of the ancient faith, and the divisions among 

 the Arians themselves hastened the downfall of their 

 influence and respectability in the Roman empire. 

 After the first half of the fifth century, Arianism was 

 extinct in that portion of the Roman empire which 

 remained under the rule of the emperors. Among 

 the Goths, who had become acquainted with Chris- 

 tianity, about 340, by means of the Arians, it prevailed 

 in the western part of the empire, till the victories of 



the orthodox Frank, Clovis, and the reformation of the 

 church by the Visigothic king Reccared, suppressed 

 it here, also, at the end of the fifth century. About 

 this time, it was destroyed among the Suevi in Spain, 

 among whom it had prevailed for a century. The 

 Burgundians, who received it in 450, had already re- 

 nounced it, at the beginning of the Gth century. It 

 was more difficult to convert the Vandals to the Ca- 

 tholic faith. Ever since 430, they had been strict 

 Arians, and propagated the doctrines of their sect in 

 Northern Africa, even by the severest persecutions. 

 The victories of Belisarius, 534, first put an end to 

 their kingdom, as well as to their separation from the. 

 orthodox church. Arianism was maintained longest 

 among the Lombards, who brought it to Italy, and 

 adhered to it firmly to 6b'2. Since tliat time, the 

 Arians have no where constituted a distinct sect ; and, 

 though the Albigenses, in France, in the 12th and 

 13th centuries, were accused of similar doctrines, and 

 the sects, which, from the 16th century till the present 

 time, have been comprehended under the name of 

 Antitrinitarians, have, in reality, maintained the 

 opinion that Christ is inferior to the Father, yet neither 

 of them can be regarded as Arians. 



ARICA ; a seaport of Peni, and capital of a province. ; 

 210 miles N. W. La Plata ; Ion. 70o 11' W. ; hit. 18 

 27' S. In this port the silver from the mines of Po- 

 tosi is shipped for Europe. It is much frequented by 

 vessels, and has a considerable trade with Lima. 

 Near it is a mountain of rock salt, great quantities of 

 which are dug, and sent to all parts of the coast. 



ARIES (Latin, a ram) ; one of the twelve signs of 

 the zodiac ; the venial sign. In the ancient military 

 art, aries signified, also, a battering-ram, an engine 

 with an iron head, to batter and beat down the walls 

 of places besieged. See Battering- Ram. 



ARIETTA. See Air. 



ARIMANES, or AHRIMAN ; the principle of evil in the 

 Persian theology, which perpetually counteracts the 

 designs of Ormiizd, or Oromazdes, who denotes the 

 principle of good. See Demon and Zoroaster. 



ARIMASPIANS; a fabulous people, placed sometimes 

 in Scythia, sometimes on the Riphrean mountains, and 

 used synonymously with the Cyclops. 



ARION ; the inventor of dithyrambics, born at Me- 

 thymna, in Lesbos, and flourished about B. C. 625. 

 He lived at the court of Periander, in Corinth, and 

 afterwards visited Sicily and Italy. At Tarentum, 

 he won the prize in a musical contest. Having em- 

 barked in a Corinthian vessel, according to fabulous 

 history, with rich treasures, to return to his friend 

 Periander, the avaricious sailors resolved to murder 

 him. Apollo, however, having informed him in a 

 dream of the impending danger, Arion, in a magni- 

 ficent dress, with his lyre in his hand, went upon 

 deck, and endeavoured to soften the hearts of the 

 crew by the power of his music. The dolphins, at 

 tracted by the sound, assembled round the vessel, and 

 listened to his sweet songs, though the avaricious 

 seamen still continued unmoved. A. then resolved 

 to escape the hands of the murderers by a voluntary 

 death, and threw himself into the sea. A dolphin 

 received him on his back, and while he soothed the 

 stormy billows by the power of his strains, bore him 

 safe to mount Tenants, whence he sailed for Corinth. 

 The sailors, having returned to Corinth, and being 

 questioned by Periander concerning A., replied that 

 he was dead. Upon this, he appeared before them, 

 and convicted them of their crime, when Periander 

 caused them to be crucified. The lyre of A., and the 

 dolphin which rescued him, became constellations in 

 the heavens. Of the poems of Arion, we have only 

 a hymn to Neptune, which may be found in Brunck's 

 Analecta. Arion is also the name of a horse, famous 

 in fabulous and poetic history. 



