274 



AIINATTO AHNAULD. 



like all rude nations, every kind of artifice and per- 

 fidy towards their enemies. The oppression, under 

 which they formerly 

 lived, filled them with 

 ilte desire of liberty. 

 For arts and trades 

 they have no inclina- 

 tion. Agriculture 

 they esteem not so 

 honourable an occu- 

 pation as arms. Their 

 restless spirit is averse 

 to the uniformity of 

 peace. Yet they are 

 not acquainted with 

 the higher tactics ; 

 they never form a line 

 of battle, and do not 

 understand the ad- 

 vantages of strong 

 positions. Hence they 

 are not so efficient 

 against European ar- 

 mies as might be ex- 

 pected from their 

 personal courage. The 

 native A.isof a middle 

 stature; his lace is 

 oval, with high cheek 

 bones ; his neck long; 

 Ins chest full and 

 broad. His air is 

 erect and majestic. 

 Differing from the 

 grave and sluggish 

 deportment of the 

 Turk, he is gay, live- 

 ly, and active. The 

 subjoined cuts repre- 

 sent the prevailing 

 costume of the Arna- 

 outs. They go con- 

 stantly armed ; and 

 there are few who, in 

 the prime of life, have 

 not belonged to some 

 of the numerous 

 bands of robbers who infest the mountains of their 

 native country, of Thessaly, and of Macedonia. This 

 profession carries with it no disgrace : it is common 

 for the A. to mention circumstances which occurred, 

 44 when he was a robber." Albania, (q. v.) part of 

 the Turkish province Arnaout Vilajetti, a mountain- 

 ous, maritime country, but very well adapted to the 

 cultivation of wine, fruit, cotton, and tobacco, lying 

 along the Adriatic and Ionian seas, is the true coun- 

 try of the Arnaouts. The Montenegrins (q. v.) in 

 the hills of Montenegro, whom the Turks have not 

 yet been able to vanquish, are distinguished among 

 them. Among the principal towns, we may mention 

 Janina (q. v.) and Scutari, with 12,000 inhabitants 

 (not to be confounded with the city of the same name 

 in Anatolia, over against Constantinople), both resi- 

 dences of pachas ; also Durazzo, the old Dyrrha- 

 thium. 



AKNATTO, or ANNOTTA, is a red dyeing drug, 

 generally imported in lumps, wrapped up in leaves, 

 and produced from the pulp of the seed-vessels of a 

 shrub (bixa orellana), which grows spontaneously in 

 the East and West Indies. This shrub is usually 

 about seven or eight feet high, and has heart- 

 shaped and pointed leaves. The flowers, which 

 have each ten large, peach-coloured petals, appear 

 in loose clusters at the ends of the branches, and 

 produce oblong, hairy pods. The seed-vessels of 



the nrnntto shrub are, in appearance, somewhat like 

 thoseof ihechesdnit. They each contain from thirty 

 to forty seeds, enveloped in a kind of pulp, of red 

 colour and unpleasant smell, not very unlike the 

 paint railed red-lend, v\ hen mix< d with oil. In the 

 West. Indies, the method of extracting the pulp, and 

 preparing it for sale, is to boil this, and the seeds 

 which are mixed with it, in clear water, until the 

 latter are perfectly extricated. They are (hen taken 

 out, and the pulp is allowed to subside to the bottom 

 of the water; this is drawn off, and the sediment is 

 distributed into shallow vessels, and gradually dried 

 in the shade, until it is sufficiently hard to be worked 

 into lumps or masses for sale. Arnatto, though 

 made in the West Indies, is an object of no great 

 commercial importance ; the demand not being suf 

 ficient to give much encouragement to its culture. 

 It is now chiefly prepared by the Spaniards in South 

 America, and for the purpose, especially, of mixing 

 with chocolate, to which, in their opinion, it gives a 

 pleasing colour and great medical virtue, as well as 

 an improved flavour. The principal consumption of 

 arnatto depends upon painters and dyers ; and it is 

 supposed that Scott's nankeen dye is only arnatio 

 dissolved in alkaline lye. This drug is sometimes 

 used by the Dutch farmers to give a rich colour to 

 butter ; and the double Gloucester, and several other 

 kinds of cheese, are coloured with it. The poor 

 occasionally use it instead of saffron. In countries 

 where the arnatto shrubs are found, the roots are 

 employed by the inhabitants in broth, and answer all 

 the purposes of the pulp, though in an inferior de- 

 gree. The bark is occasionally manufactured into 

 ropes ; and the Indians use pieces of the wood to 

 procure fire by friction. 



ARNAUD, Frangois-Thomas-Baculard d' ; a prolific 

 French writer, born at Paris, 1718, where he studied 

 with the Jesuits. In his youth, among other pieces, 

 he wrote three tragedies, one of which, Coligny o, 

 la St Barthelerny, was published in 1740. Voltaire 

 conceived an affection for him, and aided him with 

 money and advice. Frederic II. opened a corres- 

 pondence with him, invited him, afterwards, to 

 Berlin, received him kindly, called him his Ovid, 

 and addressed a poem to him, which closed with 

 these verses : 



Deja I'Apollon de la France 

 S'acbemine a sa decadence ; 

 Venez briller a votre tour. 

 Elevez-vous, s'il baisse encore ; 

 Ainsi le couchant d'un beau jour 

 Promet une plus belle aurore. 



France's Apollo, Voltaire, thought this comparison 

 not very flattering to himself, and took his revenge 

 by satirizing d'Arnaud's person and verses. At the 

 end of a year, d'Arnaud left Berlin for Dresden, 

 where he had received an appointment, and returned 

 thence to his native country. During the reign of 

 terror, he was imprisoned in a dungeon, and after- 

 wards led a life of miserable poverty. Owing to his 

 carelessness and extravagance, neither the aid of the 

 government nor his own pen could preserve him 

 from want. He died at Paris, in 1805, at the age 

 of eighty-six years. His best works are, Epreuvet 

 du Sentiment, Delassements de I'Homme sensible, 

 Loisirs utiles, and some others. His dramatic works 

 are not esteemed. Only the Comte de C'omminge, 

 in 1790, had a short run on the stage. A part of 

 his numerous poems appeared in 1751, in three 

 volumes. 



ARNAULD. From this old family of Auvergne, 

 which belongs to the nobility de la robe et de tepee 

 are here selected 1. Antony A . an advocate at 

 Paris, from 1580, a zealous defender of the cause ol 

 Henry IV., distinguished for several political pam- 

 phlets, and for his powerful and successful defence 



