ARNAULD ARNO. 



275 



of the university of Paris against the Jesuits, in 1594. 

 By tliis he drew on himself the hatred of the Jesuits, 

 but remained, till his death, in 1618, in possession of 

 his honours, and was esteemed the greatest lawyer of 

 his time. His twenty children formed the rallying 

 point of the sect of the Jansenists (see Jansenius) in 

 France ; the daughters and grand-daughters as nuns, 

 in Port-royal, the sons as members of the learned 

 society, who shut themselves up in this monastery, 

 and are known under the name of Messieurs du Port 

 Royal. A son of his eldest daughter, Isaac le Maitre 

 de Sacy, also united himself to this society, and, as 

 translator of the Bible that appeared at Mons, played 

 an important part in the history of Jansenism. 2. 

 ^Robert Arnauld d'Andilly, oldest son of Antony, 

 born at Port Royal, in 1588, died in 1674, made 

 himself known as a very correct French writer, by 

 his religious poems and tracts, and his translations of 

 Josephus's History of the Jews, and of Davila's 

 works. He was far surpassed in intellect by his 

 youngest brother. 3. Antony Arnauld, the youngest 

 child of the lawyer Antony Arnauld, born Feb. 6, 

 1612. Under the guidance of the abbot of St Cyr, 

 John du Vergier de Havranne, first head of the Jan- 

 senists in France, he devoted himself to theology, 

 and was received, in 1643, among the doctors of the 

 Sorbonne. In the same year, he attacked the Jesuits 

 in two works, De la frequents Communion, and La 

 Theologie Morale des Jesuites, the first of which oc- 

 casioned much controversy, because it applied the 

 principles of the Jansenists to the receiving of the 

 sacrament. He excited similar controversies by his 

 work, De VAutorite de St Pierre et de St Paul resi- 

 dents dans le Pape, 1645, by the opinion therein 

 maintained, that the two apostles should be regarded 

 as of equal rank, and as founders of the Roman 

 Catholic church. After 1650, when Jansenism had 

 become an object of public odium, and the watch- 

 word of an important party in the state, Arnauid en- 

 gaged in all the quarrels of the French Jansenists 

 with the Jesuits, the clergy, and the government, 

 was their chief writer, and was considered their head. 

 The intrigues of the court occasioned his exclusion 

 from the Sorbonne, 1656, and the persecutions which 

 compelled him to conceal himself. In his retirement, 

 he wrote a system of logic on the principles of Des- 

 cartes, and a Grammaire raisonnee, which were, 

 for a long time, esteemed as school-books. After 

 the reconciliation between pope Clement IX. and 

 the Jansenists, 1668, he appeared in public, and 

 enjoyed the homage which even the court did not 

 refuse to his merits and talents. To satisfy his 

 love of controversy, he attacked tha Calvinists in 

 many controversial tracts, and, with his friend Nicole, 

 composed the great work, La Perpetuite de la Foi 

 de I'Eglise Cathol. touchant V ' Eucharistie, in opposi- 

 tion to them. For this, a cardinal's hat was destined 

 for him at Rome, but, as he scorned it, and as the 

 court had become unfavourable to him, it was not 

 conferred. On account of the new persecutions of 

 the court, or rather of the Jesuits, he fled, in 1679, 

 to the Netherlands, employed himself, in his exile, 

 in controversial writings against the Calvinists and 

 the Jesuits, and died, in want, at a village near 

 Liege, Aug. 9, 1694. He was a man of a vigorous 

 and consistent mind, full of solid knowledge and 

 great thoughts ; in his writings, bold and violent to 

 bitterness ; undaunted in danger, and of irreproacha- 

 ble morals. He is acknowledged to have done much 

 for the improvement of morality in the Catholic 

 church ; yet would his genius have been far more 

 useful to the church ana to literature, had not his 

 situation and character involved him in a multitude 

 of controversies, which rendered his literary activity, 

 for the most part, fruitless to posterity. 



ARNAUT. See Arnaoitts. 



ARND, Jolm; a Lutheran minister, distinguished 

 for piety. He is the author of a work, which has 

 been translated into almost every language of Eu- 

 rope, and has been extensively read in Germany for 

 200 years. Its title is, True Christianity (fFahres 

 Christenthum). Mr Bcehm printed an English trans- 

 lation of this treatise, which went through two edi- 

 tions, dated in 1712 and 1720, both in 3 vols. 8vo. 

 A. was born, in 1555, at Ballenstedt, in Anhalt, and 

 died, in 1621, at Celle, after he had been a minister 

 in different places, arid suffered from the Calvinists, 

 and even the Lutherans. A few hours before his 

 death, he preached from the text, Psalm cxxvi., 

 " They who sow in tears shall reap in joy," and, on 

 arriving at his house, spoke of his discourse as a 

 funeral sermon. His work above-mentioned has 

 been reprinted since his death, in 1777, by Feddersen, 

 and in 1816, by Sintenis. 



ARNE, Thomas Augustin, one of the best English 

 composers, was born at London, in 1704, the son of 

 a respectable upholsterer, and received the first part 

 of his education at Eton. He was intended for the 

 study of the law, but a strong inclination led him to 

 devote himself to music, and he secretly carried an 

 old spinet into the garret of his father's house, in 

 order to pursue his favourite occupation. For a long 

 time, he was obliged to keep it secret, but his father 

 was finally induced to yield to his wishes, after he 

 had made great progress in the art. Discovering 

 that his sister had a fine voice and a great fondness 

 for music, he prevailed on hsr to choose the profes- 

 sion of a singer. He composed a part for her in his 

 first opera, Rosamond, after the text of Addison, 

 which was performed, in 1733, at Lincoln's-Inn 

 fields, and was received with great applause. Then 

 followed Fielding's comic opera, Tom Thumb, 01 

 the Tragedy of Tragedies. His style in the Comus, 

 1738, is still more original and cultivated. The pub- 

 lic was delighted with his lively, cheerful, and na- 

 tural melodies, and with the truth and simplicity of 

 his expression. In 1740, he married Cecilia Young, 

 an excellent singer, educated in the Italian school. 

 They went, in 1742, to Ireland, where they were 

 well received. After two years, he was engaged as 

 a composer, and his wife as a singer, at the IJrury 

 lane theatre, in London. He composed several 

 songs in 1745, for the Vauxhall concerts. After 

 having composed two oratorios, and several operas, 

 one of which was called Eliza, and having received 

 the title of doctor of music, at Oxford, he attempted 

 a composition in the Italian style (Metastasio's Arta- 

 scrse), which was very popular. His talents, how- 

 ever, were better adapted to the simple, lively, and 

 soft, than to the grave and elevated. He composed, 

 also, several of the songs in Shakspeare's dramas, 

 and various pieces of instrumental music. He died 

 in 1778. His sister was afterwards a distinguished 

 singer under the name of Mrs Cibber : his brother, 

 also, went on the stage. His son, Michael, was a 

 musician, and composed several favourite pieces, but 

 did not attain great eminence. 



ARNO (anciently Arnus) ; one of the largest and 

 finest rivers of Italy, which divides Tuscany into two 

 parts, and washes Florence and Pisa. The A. rises 

 in the Apennines, on the east of Florence, near a 

 village called S. Maria della Grazia, on the borders 

 of Romagna, fifteen miles W. of the sources of the 

 Tiber; it then turns southward towards Arezzo, 

 where it is increased by the lakes of the Chiana ; 

 after which it runs westward, dividing Florence into 

 two parts, and, at length, washing Pisa, fells, four 

 miles below it, into the Tuscan sea. This river has 

 been sung by many poets, on account of the beauti- 

 ful banks between which it meanders, and the cities 



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