286 



ARREST ARROWROOT. 



ciety ; and an example is given of a chief who h;ul 

 killed his first-horn child, and preserved the second, 

 having withdrawn in the interval. A woman who 

 ceases to be an Arrooy incurs a reproachful name, 

 signifying " bearer of children." Thus, while 

 in most other countries the name of parent con- 

 fers honour and respect, among the Arreoys of Ota- 

 heite it is used as a term of contempt and reproach. 

 " There are two causes," says Mr Forster, " which fa- 

 vour the existence of the Arreoys : first, the necessity 

 for entertaining a body of warriors to defend their 

 fellow citizens from the invasion and depredations of 

 enemies ; secondly, it was necessary, by such an as- 

 sociation, to prevent the too rapid increase of the 

 number of their chiefs. Perhaps," he remarks, 

 " some intelligent Otaheitan lawgiver might foresee 

 t hat the common people would at length groan under 

 the yoke of such petty tyrants, whose number was 

 ever multiplying." The ordinary practice of infanti- 

 cide is ascribed oy Mr Wilson, who visited the South 

 Seas in 1801, merely to the love of pleasure and ava- 

 rice, which latter passion liad gained great ascendency 

 since the intercourse of the islanders with Europeans : 

 " being well aware," says he, " that the beauty of 

 females rearing families experiences an earlier decay, 

 it is anxiously preserved for their visitors, by destruc- 

 tion of their odspring, or even by procuring abortion." 

 Perhaps the murderous practices of the Arreoys in 

 the South Sea Islands may have originated in some 

 religious principle. At the same time, it appears 

 that, in the ordinary destruction of infants by the 

 islanders of the South Pacific Ocean, there is nothing 

 of a sacrificial nature ; for though they do not sup- 

 pose that their displeasure is thereby incurred, they 

 do not pretend that the practice is acceptable to any 

 of their divinities. Mr Malthus, we may add, 

 ascribes the origin of the Arreoy institutions to a 

 superabundance of population, and the necessity of 

 adopting some forcible expedients to bring it within 

 the limits of subsistence ; but if this view were cor- 

 rect, the crime of infanticide would not be confined, 

 as it is in the present case, to the higher classes. 

 See Forster's Voyage, vol. ii. ; Cooke's First and 

 Second Voyages ; Bligh's Voyage ; Missionary 

 f'oyage; Hamilton's Account of the Loss of the 

 Pandora. 



ARREST (from the French arreter, to stop) is the 

 apprehending or restraining one's person, which, in 

 civil cases, can take place legally only by process in 

 execution of the command of some court or officers 

 of justice ; but, in criminal cases, any man may 

 arrest without warrant or precept. Some persons are 

 privileged from arrest ambassadors and their do- 

 mestic servants, officers of courts of justice, witnes- 

 ses, and all other persons necessarily attending any 

 court of record upon business, members of the legis- 

 lature, and, in England, peers and bishops likewise. 



ARRHID.ECS, or ARID.EUS ; son of Philip of Mace- 

 don and the dancer Philina, consequently a half- 

 brother of Alexander, whom he also nominally suc- 

 ceeded in the government. When he was deprived 

 of his reason by poison administered by Olympias , 

 Perdiccas, and after him, Antipater, governed in his 

 place. After a nominal reign of six and a half years, 

 he was put to death, with his wife, Eurydice, by 

 Olympias. 



ARRIA; the heroic wife of Caecina Paetus, who, 

 being suspected of a conspiracy against the emperor 

 Claudius, was ordered to destroy himself. Perceiv- 

 ing him hesitate, she plunged a dagger into her 

 breast, and presented it to her husoand with these 

 words: . Pa*e, non dolet " (Paetus, it is not painful). 



ARRIAN, a Greek historian, native of Nicomedia, 

 flourished in the 2d century, under the emperors 

 Adrian and the Antoiiines. He was first a priest of 



( 'ere* ; but, at Rome, lie l>ecame a disciple of Epic- 

 tetus. lie was honoured with the citizenship of 

 Home, and appointed prelect of Cappadocia by the 

 emperor Adrian, who patronised him on account of 

 lu's learning. In this capacity, he distinguished him- 

 self in the war against the Massiiiet.T, and was af- 

 terwards advanced to the senatorial, and even consu- 

 lar dignities. Like Xcnophon, he united the literary 

 with the military character. No less than seven of 

 the epistles of Pliny the younger are addressed to 

 A. His historical writings are numerous ; Imt of 

 these, with the exception of some fragments in 

 Photins, only two remain. The first is composed of 

 seven books on the expedition of Alexander, which, 

 being principally compiled from the memoirs of 

 Ptolemy Lagus and Aristobulus, who both served 

 under that king, are deemed proportionably valuable. 

 To this work if added a book on the a Hairs of India, 

 which pursues the history of Alexander, but is not 

 deemed of equal authority with the former. A'n 

 epistle from A. to Adrian is also extant, entitled, 

 Periplus Ponti Eujcini, probably written while he 

 was prefect of Cappadocia. There are, beside^, 

 under the name of A., a Treatise on Tactics ; a Pe- 

 riplus of the Red Sea, of which the authority is 

 doubtful ; and his Enchiridion, an excellent moral 

 treatise, containing the discourses of Epictetus. The 

 best editions of A. are that of Gronovius, Greek and 

 Lathi, 1704, folio; of Raphelius, Greek and Latin, 

 Amsterdam, 1750, 8vo. ; and of Schneider, Leipsic, 

 1798. Of his Enchiridion, the most valuable edition 

 is that of Upton, London, 2 vols., 4to, 1739. The 

 Expedition of Alexander has been translated into 

 English by Rooke, in 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1729. 



ARRIEGO; a department of France, bounded on the 

 east by Aude, on the south-east by the Eastern Py- 

 renees, on the south by the mountains, arid on the 

 west and north by the department of the Upper Ga- 

 ronne. Its extent is 244 square miles, or 143,360 

 acres. It sends two deputies to the Chamber, is in 

 the diocese of Pamiers, and within the jurisdiction of 

 the royal tribunal of Toulouse. It contains three 

 arrondissements, 20 cantons, and 330 communes. 

 The population by the last returns appears to be 

 229,760 inhabitants. The chief towns are Tarascon, 

 Aix, and Mirepoix. 

 ARROBA. See Aroba. 

 ARROW. See Archery. 



ARROWROOT ; a kind of starch manufactured from 

 the roots of a plant, the maranta arttndinacea, a na- 

 tive of South America, which is cultivated in gar- 

 dens both in the East and West Indies. A. is so 

 called from its being supposed to be an antidote to 

 the poisoned arrows of the Indians. It is about two 

 feet hi height; has broad, pointed, and somewhat 

 hairy leaves ; bears small, white flowers in clusters, 

 and globular fruit of the size of currants. The starch 

 or powder of the arrowroot is obtained by the follow- 

 ing process : The roots are dug when a year old, 

 and well washed, and beaten in deep wooden mortars 

 till they are reduced to a milky pulp. This is well 

 washed again in clear water, and the fibrous parts, 

 which are found among it, are carefully separated, 

 and thrown away. It is next passed through a sieve 

 or coarse cloth, and suffered to stand for some time, 

 till the starch has settled to the bottom. The water 

 is then drawn off, and the white residue is again 

 washed ; after which the water is entirely drained off, 

 and the pulp, when dried in the sun, is found to be 

 an extremely pure starch, which, when reduced to 

 powder, is the arrowroot of commerce. There is no 

 vegetable, if we except, perhaps, the salep or orchis 

 root, which yields so large a proportion of nutritious 

 mucilage as this. As an article of diet for children 

 and invalids, it is invaluable, more especially in all 



