2brf 



ART ARTHRITIS. 



death. If a man sets fire to his own house, the net is 

 punishable by fine, imprisonment, or setting in Uie 

 pillory. In the United States of America, there is 

 some difference in the degree of punishment provided 

 by the laws of Uie different states. In Massachusetts, 

 setting fire to a dwelling house, in the night time, is 



Cinisliable with dentli; in the daytime, with hard 

 bour for life. For burning buildings, not dwelling 

 houses, the punishment, though severe, is milder. In 

 New Hampshire, the law is very similar. In New 

 York, setting fire to an inhabited dwelling house is 

 punishable with death; to an uninliabited building, 

 with imprisonment. In Kentucky, arson is punish- 

 able witli imprisonment in the penitentiary. In all 

 t he States, it is treated, of course, as an offence of the 

 blackest character. 



ART. (See Arts) ART, schools of. See Paint- 

 ing, Sculpture, &c, 



ARTA, or LARTA ; a gulf, a river, and town of 

 European Turkey, in Albania. The town is situated 

 on the river of the same name, about 20 miles N. E. 

 of Prevesa, and about 360 W.N.W. of Constantinople. 

 The number of inhabitants amounted to 6000, before 

 the late revolution. In 1 822, a battle was here fought, 

 between the Greeks and Turks, in which the former 

 ; I >;imli meil the l'lii|hellenes, who, almost without ex- 

 ception, were killed. 



ARTAXERXE? ; the name of several Persian kings., 

 1. Artaxerxes, surnamed Lotigimanus, on account of 

 his long arms, the second son of Xerxes, escaped 

 from Artabanus and the other conspirators, who had 

 murdered his father, and elder brother Darius, and, 

 464 B. C., ascended the throne. He subjected the 

 rebellious Egyptians, terminated the war with Athens, 

 by granting freedom to the Greek cities of Asia, go- 

 verned his subjects in peace, and died B. C. 425. He 

 was favourable to the Jews, and is thought to be the 

 Ahasuerus of Scripture. 2. Artaxerxes, surnamed 

 Mnemon, from his strong memory, followed his father 

 Darius II., in the year 405 B. C. After having van- 

 quished his brother Cyrus (q. v.), he made war on the 

 Spartans, who had assisted his enemy, and forced 

 them to abandon the Greek cities and islands of Asia 

 to the Persians. He favoured the Athenians, and 

 endeavoured to foment dissensions among the Greeks. 

 He was killed, in 361, by his son Ochus, who succeed- 

 ed him under the name of 3. Artaxerxes Ochus. 

 After having subjected the Phoenicians and Egypti- 

 ans, and displayed great cruelty in both countries (in 

 Egypt, he had Apis slaughtered, and served up at 

 his table), he was poisoned by his general Bagoas, 

 who threw his body to the cats, and liad sabre-handles 

 made of his bones. 



ARTEDI, Peter; an eminent naturalist, was born 

 in Sweden, in the year 1705, in the province of 

 Angermania. Although his parents were poor, yet 

 it appears they found means to give him a liberal 

 education, and with this view sent him to the college 

 of Hurnesand. Intending to embrace the ecclesias- 

 tical profession, he went in 1724 to Upsal ; but he 

 turned his attention to medicine from the strong bent 

 of his mind for the study of natural history, in which 

 science he made rapid progress, and soon rose to con- 

 siderable eminence, particularly in the department of 

 ichthyology. Confining his botanical studies to the 

 umbelliferous plants, ne suggested a new mode of 

 classification. But Artedi was much better acquainted 

 with chemistry than botany. His attention, however, 

 was chiefly directed to ichthyology, the classification 

 of which he greatly reformed, and new-modelled 

 upon philosophical principles. This arrangement 

 added greatly to his reputation as a naturalist at the 

 time, 1 and afterwards became popular over Europe. 

 In 1728 his celebrated countryman Linnaeus arrived 

 in Upsal, having been appointed to deliver lectures 



on botany in that place : and so high stood the char- 

 acter of Artedi as a philosopher, that a lasting friend- 

 ship was formed between tliesc two great men. In 

 1732 both left Upsal ; Artedi for England, in pursuit 

 of his favourite study, and I.imueus tor Lapland, to 

 examine its natural productions; but before parting, 

 they reciprocally bequeathed to each other their 

 manuscripts and books upon the event of death. 

 However, in the year 1735, they met again at Leyden, 

 where Artedi was introduced to Seba, and employed 

 in preparing for the press the third volume of 'that 

 eminent naturalist's yy,w/w/v/, which chiefly related 

 to fishes. Artedi formed the resolution, as soon as 

 that work was finished, to return to his native coun- 

 try, and publish the fruits of his own labours ; but us 

 he was returning home from Seba's house on tin; 

 evening of the 27th September, 1735, the night being 

 dark, he fell into the canal and was unfortunately 

 drowned. According to agreement, his manuscripts 

 came into the hands of Linnaeus, and his IHMiotheca 

 Jc/it/>yologica, and Philosophia Iclitlii/ologii-a, together 

 with a life of the author, were published at Leyden, 

 in the year 1738. 



ARTEMIDORUS, called the Daldian, from the birth- 

 place of his mother, a small city of Lydia, was a 

 Greek writer at Ephesus, in the 2d century after 

 Christ. He occupied himself, principally, with the 

 interpretation of dreams. We still have *wo of his 

 writings on this subject, which are particularly de- 

 serving of the notice of philologists, on account of 

 the information they contain relative to ancient rites 

 and customs. The latest critical edition is that of 

 Reiff, Leipsic, 1805. There was another Artemido- 

 nt-s, who lived about a century before the Christian 

 era, and wrote a geographical work, of which a few 

 fragments only remain. 



ARTEMIS. See Diana. 



ARTEMISIA ; queen of Caria, sister and wife of 

 Mausolus, whose death she lamented in the most 

 tender manner, and to whom she erected, in her 

 capital, Halicarnassus, a monument, which was reck- 

 oned among the seven wonders of the world. The 

 principal architects of Greece laboured on it. Bryaxis, 

 Scopas, Leochares and Timotheus, made the decora- 

 tions on the four sides of the edifice ; Pythes, the 

 chariot drawn by four horses, which adorned the 

 conical top. . Vitruvius thought that Praxiteles was 

 also employed on it. After 4 the death of A., the 

 artists finished it without any compensation, that they 

 might not be deprived of the honour of their labour. 

 It was an oblong square, 4 1 1 feet in compass, and 

 130 feet high. The principal side was adorned with 

 thirty- six columns, and twenty-four steps led to the 

 entrance. A. died, soon after her husband, in the 

 monument which she had erected to him, 351, B. C. 

 .Another A., queen of Halicarnassus, accompanied 

 Xerxes on his expedition against Greece, and dis- 

 tinguished herself, in the battle of Salamis (480 B. 

 C.), by her determined boldness. 



ARTEMISIUM, in ancient geography ; a promontory 

 of Euboea, on the northern side of the island, which 

 is famous for the great naval victory, gained in its 

 neighbourhood, by the Grecians, over Xerxes. 



ARTEMON ; a heretical teacher, of the 3d century, 

 who denied the divinity of Christ, and declared him 

 to be a mere man, of rare virtue. He lived in the 

 diocese of Rome, his adherents, the Artemonites, 

 seem to have spread, also, to Syria. In the latter 

 half of the 3d century, they were confounded with 

 other opponents to the doctrine of the Trinity. (See 

 Antitrinitarians) Samuel Crell appeared, in 1726, 

 under the name Artemonius, as an antagonist of the 

 same doctrine. 



ARTERY. See Blood-vessel. 



ARTHRITIS (from ay>^n, a joint); any distemper 



