ARTHUR ARTILLERY. 



289 



that affects the joints, but the gout particularly. (See 

 Gout.) Arthritis planetica, arthritis vaga, the wan- 

 dering gout. 



ARTHUR, or ARTUS ; prince of the Silures, in the 

 Cth century ; an ancient British hero, whose story 

 lias been the theme of much romantic fiction. He 

 was, says Geoffrey of Monmouth, who probably fol- 

 lowed the chronicle Brut cCAnglcterre, the fruit of an 

 adulterous connexion between the princess Igerna, of 

 Cornwall, and Uther, the pendragon or chief com- 

 mander of the Britons. He was born about 601. In 

 516, he succeeded his father in the office of general, 

 and performed those heroic deeds against the Sax- 

 ons, Scots, and Picts, which have made him so cele- 

 brated. He married the celebrated Guenever, or 

 Ginevra, belonging to the family of the dukes of 

 Cornwall ; established the famous order of the round 

 table ; and reigned, surrounded by a splendid court, 

 twelve years, in peace. After this, as the poets re- 

 late, he conquered Denmark, Norway, and France, 

 slew the giants of Spain, and went to Rome. From 

 thence he is said to have hastened home, on account 

 of the faithlessness of his wife, and Modred, his 

 nephew, who carried on an adulterous intercourse, 

 and stirred up his subjects to rebellion ; to have sub- 

 dued the rebels, but to have died, in consequence of 

 his wounds, in 542, on the island of Avalon, where 

 it is pretended that his grave was found, in the reign 

 of Henry II. Hume thinks that the story of Arthur 

 has some foundation in fact. 



ARTHUR'S SEAT ; a high hill in the neighbourhood 

 of Edinburgh, said to have been so denominated from 

 a tradition that king Arthur surveyed the country 

 from its summit, and defeated the Saxons in its 

 neighbourhood. It is a rugged, steep, and in some 

 places precipitous rock, exhibiting on the south side 

 a range of perpendicular basaltic columns, of penta- 

 gonal and hexagonal forms, from fifty to sixty feet in 

 height, and five in diameter. It affords spars, zeolites, 

 kematites, jaspers, and a few agates, with abundance 

 of granite. The highest point is nearly 100 feet from 

 the base. From hence may be seen the German 

 ocean, the course of the Forth, the distant Grampians, 

 a large portion of the most populous and best culti- 

 vated part of Scotland, including the picturesque city 

 of Edinburgh and its castle. The view is a most 

 beautiful one. On the north side are the ruins of a 

 chapel and hermitage, dedicated to St Anthony, and 

 a fine spring called St Anton's well. 



ARTICHOKE. The artichoke (cynara scolymus) is a 

 well-known plant, which is cultivated in Europe 

 chiefly for culinary purposes. This plant was culti- 

 vated in England as early as the year 1580. The 

 parts that are eaten are the receptacle of the flower, 

 which is called the bottom, and a fleshy substance on 

 the scales of the calyx. The choke consists of tlie 

 unopened florets and the bristles that separate them 

 from each other. These stand upon the receptacle, 

 and must be cleared away before the bottom can be 

 eaten. Its name undoubtedly arose from a notion, 

 that any one, unlucky enough to get it into his throat, 

 must certainly be choked. In England, artichokes 

 are generally lx>iled plain, and eaten with melted 

 butter and pepper, and are considered both whole- 

 some and nutritions. The bottoms are sometimes 

 stewed, boiled in milk, or addtd to ragouts, French 

 pies, and other highly- seasoned dishes. For winter 

 use, they may be slowly dried in an oven, and kept 

 in paper bags, in a dry place. On the continent, 

 artichokes are frequently eaten raw with salt and 

 pepper. By the country people of France, the 

 flowers of the artichoke are sometimes used to coa- 

 gulate milk, for the purpose of making cheese. The 

 leaves and stalks contain a bitter juice, which, mixed 

 with an equal portion of white wine, has been suc- 



cessfully employed in the cure of dropsy, when other 

 remedies have failed. The juice, prepared with bis- 

 muth, imparts a permanent gold colour t wool. 

 The Jerusalem artichoke is a somewhat potato- 

 shaped root, produced by a species of sun-flower 

 (litlianthus tuberosus), which grows wild in several 

 parts of South America. This plant bears single 

 stalks, which are frequently eight or nine feet high, 

 and yellow flowers, much smaller than those of the 

 common species. So extremely productive are these 

 valuable roots, that between seventy and eighty tons 

 weight of them are said to have been obtained, in 

 one season, from a single acre of ground. They 

 succeed in almost every soil ; and, when once plant- 

 ed, will continue to flourish in the same place, with- 

 out requiring much manure, or much attention to 

 their culture. The season in which they are dug up 

 for use, is from about the middle of September till 

 November, when they are in the greatest perfection. 

 After that, they may be preserved in sand, or under 

 cover, for the winter. The roots are generally eaten 

 plainly boiled, but they are sometimes served at table 

 with fricassee-sauce, and in other ways. Their 

 flavour is so nearly like that of the common arti- 

 choke, that it is difficult to distinguish one from the 

 other. We are informed that Jerusalem artichokes 

 are a valuable food for hogs and store pigs ; and 

 that, if washed, cut, and ground in a mill similar to 

 an apple- mill, they may also be given to horses. 



ARTICLE, in grammar; an adjective used before 

 nouns to limit or define their application. See 

 Grammar. 



ARTICLE OF FAITH is a point of Christian doctrine 

 established by the church. The thirty-nine articles 

 of the church of England were founded, for the most 

 part, upon a body or articles compiled and published 

 in the reign of Edward VI. They were first passed 

 in the convocation, and confirmed by royal authority 

 in 1562. They were ratified anew in 1571, and 

 again by Charles I. To these the law requires the 

 subscription of all persons ordained to be deacons or 

 priests (13 Eliz. cap. 12) ; of all clergymen, inducted 

 to any ecclesiastical living (by the same statute), and 

 of licensed lecturers and curates (13 Eliz. cap. 12 

 and 13, and 14 Ch. II., cap. 4); of the heads or 

 colleges, of chancellors, officials, and commissaries, 

 and of schoolmasters. By statute Wm. 111., cap. 10, 

 dissenting teachers are to subscribe to all except the 

 34th, 35th, and 30th, and part of the 20th ; and, in 

 the case of Anabaptists, except, also, part of the 

 27th. By the 19th Geo. III., cap. 44, however, dis- 

 senting preachers need only profess, in writing, to be 

 Christians and Protestants, and that they believe the 

 Scriptures to be the revealed will of God ; and 

 schoolmasters need neither sign the articles nor such 

 professions. 



ARTILLERY signifies all sorts of great guns or can- 

 non, mortars, howitzers, petards, c., together with 

 all the apparatus and stores thereto belonging, which 

 are taken into the field, and used for besieging and 

 defending fortified places. It signifies also the 

 science of artillery or gunnery (q. v.), which, origi- 

 nally, was not separated from military engineering. 

 The class of arms called artillery has always been 

 the subject of scientific calculation, more than any 

 other species, as the Italian word arte, in its name, 

 seems to indicate. The same name is also given to 

 the troops by whom these arms are served, the men 

 being, in fact, subsidiary to the instruments. The 

 other portions of an army are armed men, while the 

 artillery consists of manned arms. The history, &c., 

 of artillery in the different countries, will be given 

 under the head of Gunnery. Artillery, park of, is 

 the place appointed by the general of an army to 

 encamp the train of artillery, with the apparatus, 

 2o p 



