290 



AllTOIS AKUNDELIAN MARBLES. 



ainmunition, &c., as \vi-ll as the battalion a. pointed 

 for its service and defence. Sirici onhr ami a con- 

 venient arrangement tor breaking uji, \e., ;irc very 

 important in encamping u park of art illery. h'uld 

 artillrry is distinguished troin artillery for defence or 

 besieging. Flying artillery consists of light pieces 

 with accommodations for the artillerists, so tliat the 

 whole can move quickly in battle. In some armies, 

 the mounted artillery, also, is called Jiying artillery. 

 See, also, slmnm-ftr, CIIHHHH, &C. 



ARTOIS ; a former province of France, anciently 

 one of the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands. 

 It was hounded on the S. and W. by Picardy, on the 

 K. by llainaiilt, and on the N. by Flanders. A. 

 always was accounted very productive. It was 

 seventy-five miles in length, and thirty-six in breadth. 

 It is now included in the departments of Pas de 

 ( alais, Somme, and Nord. 



ARTOTVUITRS (from a^rtf , bread, and TUJ;, cheese) ; 

 a sect, in the 2d century, in Galatia, which used 

 bread and cheese in the eucharist, because, they said, 

 the first men offered .not only the fruits of the earth, 

 but of their flocks too. They admitted females to 

 the priesthood, and even to the dignity of bishops. 



ARTS (from the Latin ar*); in the most general 

 sense of the word, any acquired skill. As the fine 

 arts, in early times, were not distinctly separated 

 from the merely useful arts, nor even from the sci- 

 ences, and as there is, in fact, much difficulty in 

 drawing the line, in many cases, one word is used, 

 in most languages, for both, and an epithet is ne- 

 cessary to distinguish them ; in some languages, 

 however, e. g. the German, they are distinguisTied 

 by two very different words. The ancients divided 

 the arts into liberal arts (artes liberates, ingenuee, bonce), 

 and servile arts (artcs serviles). Under the latter 

 were comprehended the mechanical arts, because 

 they were practised only by slaves. The former 

 ones were such as were thought becoming to free- 

 men. The name servile arts was lost as soon as 

 freemen began to practise them, but the name of 

 liberal arts was retained. The following seven were 

 usually called by this name: grammar, dialectics, 

 rhetoric, music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy, 

 according to the well-known verse: 



Gram, loquitur, Dia. verba docet, Rhe. verba ministrat, 

 Mas. canit, Ar. numeral, Ge. ponderat, As. colit astra. 



This awkward and illogical division continues in 

 many Catholic schools, where the different classes 

 are arranged according to it. In modern times, we 

 divide arts into fine and useful or mechanical arts, 

 comprising under the former all those, the direct ob- 

 ject of which is not utility, as poetry, music, archi- 

 tecture, painting, sculpture, &c. If we speak of the 

 fine arts simply not in contradistinction to the useful 

 arts, we generally intend only architecture, painting, 

 sculpture, and engraving, with their subdivisions. 

 (For the history and description of each of the fine 

 arts, see the respective articles.) The mechanical 

 arts, as we have said, were practised, among the 

 ancients, by slaves or by women, many things of the 

 first necessity being, of course, manufactured in the 

 house. Refinement, however, in the course of time, 

 made more skill necessary, in some branches of 

 manufacture, than is generally to be expected from 

 women or slaves. Thus we find, in the middle ages, 

 up to the 10th century, besides the slaves or bonds- 

 men, free persons practising the useful arts. From 

 that time, however, it seems Uiat mechanical arts 

 were carried on only by freemen, or nuns and monks, 

 who worked both for themselves and others. When 

 the cities grew up, and their number and population 

 rapidly increased, one of the immense changes which 

 liistory shows to have sprung from them, was the 



elevation of the mechanical ails. U was now esteemed 

 honourable to be a skilful mechanic. In many in- 

 stances, too, they became blended with the fine arts, 

 and the names of several workmen have been handed 

 down to us, with a reputation akin to that of artists; 

 e. g. Benvenuto Cellini, Peter Fischer. See Corpo- 

 ration. 



ARONDEL, a lx>rough, market-town, and parish in 

 the county of Sussex, Kngland. situated on the de- 

 clivity of a hill, on the north Iwnk of the river Aruii, 

 over which there is a bridge. It consists of two 

 principal streets, one of which runs north and south, 

 and the other westward from their point of union. 

 Many of the houses rebuilt by the duke of Norfolk 

 are in the castellated style. The first mention of 

 A nmdel and its celebrated castle occurs in the will 

 of king Alfred, by whom it was bequeathed to his 

 nephew Adhelm. It was subsequently held by vari- 

 ous members of the blood-royal, and other potent 

 barons, until it passed into the possession of the Fitz- 

 alans, earls of Arundel, from whom it was conveyed 

 by marriage into that of the Howards, dukes of 

 Norfolk, with whom the paramount influence still 

 remains. The charter, by which the town is go- 

 verned, was granted by queen Elizabeth. Here was 

 formerly a harbour capable of containing vessels ol 

 100 tons burden, but it has been much damaged by 

 thesea. Great quantities of timber, for ship-building, 

 are, however, still shipped from this place, which has 

 but little other trade, but is much benefited in sum- 

 mer by the visitors who resort to it for sea-bathing. 

 The celebrated castle stands on a knoll, partly 

 formed by nature, and partly by art, on the north- 

 east side of the town. The present magnificent 

 structure may be deemed almost a complete renova - 

 tion of the ancient building, which had become little 

 better than a heap of ruins when the late duke of 

 Norfolk determined to make it his principal taronial 

 residence. The primitive castle was deemed impreg- 

 nable in the feudal times, and in consequence is 

 greatly celebrated in the civil broils by which they 

 are so much distinguished. In the reign of Henry 

 VI., on being restored to the Fitzalan family, an act 

 of parliament was passed to annex to the possession 

 of this castle and honour the dignity of earl, without 

 further creation. The free-stone employed in the 

 present building is of a heavy brown cast, to make 

 the new assimilate the better with the remains of the 

 old building, and nothing has been neglected to ren- 

 der it one of the most magnificent and interesting 

 noble residences in Great Britain. The population 

 of the borough and parish of A. is 2803. 



ARUNDEUAN MARBLES ; a series of ancient sculp- 

 tured marbles, discovered by William Petty, who 

 explored the ruins of Greece, at the expense of and 

 for Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel, who lived in 

 the time of James and Charles I., and devoted a 

 large portion of his fortune to the collection of monu- 

 ments illustrative of the arts, and of the history of: 

 Greece and Rome. These marbles, named hi honour 

 of their purchaser, arrived in England, in the year 

 1C27, with many statues, busts, sarcophagi, &c. John 

 Selden published some of the inscriptions, which he 

 thought most interesting, under the title of Marmora 

 Arundeliana, 4to, London, 1628. It is supposed 

 that not more than half of the original number 

 escaped destruction in the civil wars : they were then 

 in the garden of the earl, in the Strand, in London. 

 Henry Howard, duke of Norfolk, grandson of the 

 collector, presented the remainder to the university 

 of Oxford, where they still remain. The whole cot- 

 lection of inscriptions was published by Humphrey 

 Prideaux, in 1676 ; by Michael Maltaire, in 1732 ; 

 by Dr Chandler, very splendidly, in 1763. These 

 inscriptions are records of treaties, public contracts, 



