331 



AUERBACH AUGEKEAU. 



an auditor camera, who exercises the power of the 

 college in rank's of minor importance. 



AUKHH.U ii, Henry; born in 1482, at a place of the 

 same name in Bavaria ; the builder of tin- Auerbach- 

 court and cellar at Leipslc, mentioned in Goethe's 

 Faust. His real name was Strainer, but, according 

 U) Uie fashion of his time, he took the name of the 

 place where he was born. The building was erected 

 in 1530, and tradition rej>orts that, five years afier. 

 doctor Faust was seen riding out of it on a barrel of 

 wine. This tale Goethe has made use of in his famous 

 poem. The building was known also at the Leipsic 

 fairs as one of the most frequented places for the ex- 

 hibition of merchandise. 



ACERST.EPT, battle at, Oct. 14, 1806. See Jena. 



ACGEAN CODEX (Codex Augienris) ; a Greek and 

 Latin MS. of the Epistles of St Paul, supposed by 

 Mii-liarl i> to have been written in the ninth century, 

 and so called from Augia Major, the name of a mo- 

 nastery at Kheinau, to which it belonged. After 

 passing through several hands, it came, in 1718, to 

 doctor Bentley, who purchased it for 250 Dutch 

 florins, and it is now in the library of Trinity college, 

 Cambridge. This MS. (noted F. in the second part 

 of U'etstein's New Test.) is written in uncial letters, 

 and without accents ; not continua serie, as is com- 

 mon with the more ancient copies, but with intervals 

 between the words, and a dot at the end of each. 

 The Greek text is written in capitals, the Latin in 

 Anglo-Saxon letters ; whence it is tolerably clear 

 that it must have been written in the west of Europe, 

 where that formation of the Latin letters, usually 

 called Anglo-Saxon, was in general use between the 

 seventh and twelfth centuries. The manuscript is 

 defective from the beginning to Romans iii. 8, and 

 the Epistle to the Hebrews is only found in the Latin 

 version. 



AI'GEAS, in fabulous history ; a king of Elis, famed 

 for his stable, which contained 3000 oxen, and had 

 not been cleaned for thirty years. Hercules was de- 

 sired to clear away the filth in one day, and A. pro- 

 mised, if he performed it, to give him a tenth part of 

 the cattle. This task Hercules is said to have exe- 

 cuted by turning the river Alpheus, or, as some say, 

 the Peneus, through the stable, which immediately 

 carried away the dung and filth. A. not only refused 

 to perform his engagement, pretending that Hercules 

 had used artifice, and experienced no labour or trou- 

 ble, but banished his own son, Phyleus, from his 

 kingdom, for supporting the claims of the hero. Upon 

 tin's, a war commenced, and Hercules conquered 

 Elis, put A. to death, and gave his kingdom to Phy- 

 leus. A. has been called the son of Sol, because Elit 

 signifies the sun. After his death, he received the 

 honours usually paid to heroes. 



AUGER, Athanase ; a great linguist, born at Paris, 

 Dec. 12, 1734, and became professor of rhetoric in 

 the college of St Rouen. The bishop de Noe made 

 him his chief vicar, and called him, in jest, his grand 

 vicaire in partibus Atheniensium, on account of the 

 zeal with which the abbe pursued the study of Gre- 

 cian antiquities. Learning proved its worth in his 

 character and life. He lived in a simple style in the 

 midst of Paris, retired, and free from anxiety, or wish 

 to attain a higher station. He divided a moderate 

 income with his needy family. It was said of him, 

 that he had never spoken ill of any one, and no one 

 liad spoken ill of him. As a member of the academy 

 of inscriptions, he remained true to his principles of 

 honest candour, and was no less beloved than re- 

 spected by the whole society. The breaking out of 

 the revolution aroused the sympathies of a man who 

 lived, by his daily studies, in Greece and Rome. He 

 hoped for the abolition of crying abuses, and for the 

 introduction of true freedom. This expectation ap- 



pears in several of his writings. I le di< cl before the 

 occurrence of liny events which could have shaken 

 his faith, Feb. 7, IT!'-'. His writings, partly transla- 

 tions fioin the ancient language*-, and partly politi- 

 cal, were published from his papcis, at Paris, in 30 

 vols. Among his political works, the most distin- 

 guished are Pro jet d' Ediifiitinn ptiLlufiie precede 

 de qiielqites l\if!i'.iiunn stir rAenMie Nadonale, 

 1789 ; and De fa Constitution ifes Komains sous leu 

 Rois et an Temps de la Id'/iuLtii/iir, ITf'V, the prodnet 

 of thirty years' labour, which first appeared after his 

 death, with the rest of his posthumous works. 



AUGEREAC, Pierre Fraiujois Charles, duke of CBS- 

 tiglione, marshal of France ; son of n fruit merchant ; 

 IXMTI at Paris, 1757 ; served as a carabinier in tl.e 

 French army ; went from thence into the Neapolitan 

 service, established himself at Naples, in 1787, sis a 

 fencing-master, and was banished thence, in 1792, 

 with the rest of his countrymen. He served, after- 

 wards, as a volunteer in the army of Italy, in wlu-h 

 his talents and courage soon gained him promotion. 

 He distinguished himself, in 1794, as general (if 

 brigade in the army of the Pyrenees, and, in/!75'(i, 

 as general of division in the army of Italy. He took 

 the pass of Millesimo; made himself master, April 

 16, of the intrenched camp of the Piedmontese at 

 Ceva, afterwards of that at Casale; threw himself 

 on the bridge of Lodi, and earned it with the ene- 

 my's intrenchments. June 16, he passed the Fo, 

 and made prisoners the papal troops, together witli 

 the cardinal legate and the general's stafl'. Aug. ] , 

 he came to the assistance of Massgna ; maintained, 

 during a whole day, a most obstinate struggle against 

 a superior number of troops, and took the village ot 

 Castiglione, from which he derived his ducal title. 

 Aug. 25, he passed over the Adige, and drove back 

 the enemy as far as Roveredo. In the battle of 

 Arcole, when the French columns wavered, A. seiz< d 

 a standard, rushed upon the enemy, and gained li.i. 

 victory. The directory bestowed this standard on 

 him, Jan. 27, 1797. Aug. 9, he was named com- 

 mander of the 17th military division (division of Peri; ), 

 in place of general Hatry. He was the instrument 

 of the violent proceedings of the 18th of Fructidor, 

 and was saluted, by the decimated legislative body, 

 as the saviour of his country. In 1799, he was 

 chosen a member of the council of five hundred, and, 

 therefore, resigned his command. He then obtained 

 from the consul, Bonaparte, the command of the 

 army in Holland. He led the French and Batavian 

 army on the Lower Rhine to the support of Moreau, 

 passed the river at Frankfort, and fought with the 

 imperial general, with various success, until the 

 battle of Hohenlinden ended the campaign. In 

 October 1801, being superseded by general Victor, 

 he remained without employment till 1803, when lie 

 was appointed to lead the army, collected at Bayonne, 

 against Portugal. When this enterprise failed, he 

 went back to Paris, and, May 19, 1804, was named 

 marshal of the empire, and grand officer of the legion 

 of honour. In July of this year, the king of Spain 

 sent him the order of Charles III. At the end of 

 1805, he was at the head of a corps of the great 

 army in Germany, formed of troops collected under 

 his command at Brest. He contributed to the suc- 

 cesses which gave birth to the peace of Presburg, 

 and, in March, 1806, had possession of Wetzlar and 

 the country around, until, in the autumn of this year, 

 a new war called him to Prussia. Tl.e wounds which 

 he received in the battle of Eylau (q. v.) compelled 

 him to return to France. Early in 1811, Napoleon 

 gave him the command of a corps in the army of 

 Spain. Afterwards he returned from thence, and re- 

 mained without any employment Jintil July, 1813, 

 when he led the army in Bavaria Pgainst Saxony, 



