AUGUSTULUS AUGUSTUS. 



however, till 1256, and, in 15C7, were made the 

 foimh in rank among the mendicant orders, coming 

 after the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Carmelites. 

 They wear black cowls. Before the reformation, 

 they had about 2000 convents, containing 30,000 

 monks, and also oOO nunneries. After the reforma- 

 tion brought about by Luther, a brother of their 

 order, they were separated into many considerable 

 brotherhoods, among which the barefooted monks, 

 in Italy, Spain, and France, were the most numerous. 

 At the beginning of the 18th century, the order 

 numbered forty-two provinces. The number of con- 

 vents of this order is now smaller. They are to be 

 found in Italy, Spain, Portugal, in the Austrian states, 

 and in America. In 1817, Augustine nuns of the 

 congregation of Onr Lady appeared again in Paris. 

 Their number is thirty-two ; they support themselves 

 by their industry, educate 200 poor children, and 

 possess no landed property. 



AUGUSTULUS (Romulus Momyllus, surnamed Au- 

 gustulus) ; son of Orestes, a general of the Roman 

 emperor Julius Nepos. Orestes deposed the em- 

 peror, and placed his son upon the throne, in 475. 

 In the following year, Odoacer, a commander of the 

 German forces in the Roman service, revolted, put 

 Orestes to death, obliged A. to resign, and thus put 

 an end to the Roman empire in the West. During 

 the twenty years of the Roman empire which suc- 

 ceeded the murder of Valentinian III., no less tlian 

 nine emperors are mentioned. 



AUGUSTUS (Caius Julius Cassar Octavius) ; origi- 

 nally called Caius Octavius ; son of Caius Octavius 

 and Accia, a daughter of Julia, the sister of Julius 

 Ciesar. The Octavian family originated at Velletri, 

 in the country of the Volscians. The branch to 

 which OcLavius belonged was rich and distinguished. 

 His father had risen to the rank of senator, anil had 

 gone to Macedonia, after being chosen praetor, where 

 he was distinguished as a civil and military officer. 

 Octavius was born during the consulate of Cicero, 

 65 B. C. He lost his father when young, but was 

 very carefully brought up at Rome by his mother, 

 and L. M. Philippus, the second husband of Accia. 

 His talents gained him the regard of his great uncle, 

 Julius Cassar, who declared himself willing to adopt 

 him for his son, in case he himself should remain 

 without children. Octavius was at Apollonia, in 

 Epirus, where he was studying eloquence, under the 

 renowned orator Apollodorus, when he received the 

 ifv.-; of the tragical death of his uncle, and of his 

 having adopted him as his son. Notwithstanding 

 the anxiety of his friends, he went over to Italy, in 

 order, if circumstances should favour him, to satisfy 

 the hopes which he had entertained from being 

 adopted by Julius Caesar. When he landed at Brun- 

 dusium, deputies from the veterans collected there 

 came to -him. Conducted in triumph to the city, 

 and saluted as the heir and avenger of Caesar, he 

 made his adoption publicly known, and took the 

 name of his uncle, adding to it that of Octavianus. 

 He placed himself, then only nineteen years old, 

 at the head of the veterans, possessed himself 

 of all the public money in Brundusium, and ad- 

 vanced through Campania to Rome. Here there 

 were two parties, that of the republicans, who had 

 killed Czesar, and that of Antony and Lepidus, who, 

 under the pretence of avenging him, strove to esta- 

 blish their own authority. The latter party became 

 victorious, and the consul, Antony, exercised almost 

 unlimited power. Octavius addressed himself first 

 to Cicero, who had retired to his villa at Cunue, be- 

 ing desirous to gain this great orator, always beloved 

 by the people, and whom Antony hated and feared. 

 From thence he went to Rome, where the greatest 

 .narl of the magistrates, soldiers, and citizens came 



to meet him, Antony, alone, paying no attention lo 

 his return. After Octavius had caused his adop- 

 tion to be confirmed in the most solemn manner, he 

 went to Antony, begged his friendship, and demand- 

 ed of him the inheritance left him by Ciesar, in 

 order to pay the legacies mentioned in his will. An- 

 tony, at first, haughtily refused to acknowledge his 

 claims, but afterwards changed his demeanour, when 

 he found the influence of Octavius continually in- 

 creasing, and his own proportionably diminishing. 

 There could be no lasting union between two 

 equally ambitious rivals. Their hearts cherished re- 

 ciprocal hatred and jealousy; and their enmity was 

 so little a secret, that Octavius was accused of having 

 wished to get Antony murdered. How the latter 

 went to Cisalpine Gaul, besieged Mutina, and was 

 declared an enemy to his country while absent from 

 Rome ; how Octavius, who had obtained the most 

 powerful party in the senate, accompanied the consul 

 sent against Antony, and, after the death of the 

 consul, took the chief command ; how he afterwards, 

 when Antony, together with Lepidus, entered Italy 

 at the head of a powerful army, united with him ; how 

 a triumvirate was formed by the three generals ; and 

 how, after dreadful scenes of blood in Rome and the 

 rest of Italy, they defeated the republican army un- 

 der Brutus and Cassius, in Macedonia ; all this 

 is contained in the article on Antony. Antony 

 honoured the memory of Brutus, but Octavius insult- 

 ed his corpse. After his return to Rome, he satisfied 

 the avarice of his soldiers by the division of the con- 

 quered lands. This division caused great disturbances. 

 In the midst of the' stormy scenes which convulsed 

 Italy, he was obliged to contend with Fulvia, whose 

 daughter, Clodia, he had rejected, and with Lucius, 

 the Drother-in-law of Antony. After several battles, 

 Lucius threw himself into the city of Perusia, where 

 he was soon after obliged to surrender. The city 

 was given up to be plundered, and three hundred 

 senators were condemned to death, as a propitiatory 

 sacrifice to the manes of the deified Caesar. After 

 the return of Antony, an end was put to the proscrip- 

 tions. Octavius allowed such of the proscribed per- 

 sons as had escaped death by flight, and whom he no 

 longer feared, to return. There were still some dis- 

 turbances in Gaul, and the naval war with Sextus 

 Pompeius continued for several years. After his re- 

 turn from Gaul, Octavius married the famous Livia, 

 the wife of Claudius Nero, whom he compelled to 

 resign her, after he himself had divorced his third 

 wife, Scribonia. Lepidus, who had hitherto retained 

 an appearance of power, was now deprived of his 

 authority, and died as a priv ate man, 1 3 B. C. An- 

 tony and Octavius now divided the empire. But 

 while the former, in the East, gave himself up to a 

 life of luxury, the young Octavius pursued his plan 

 of making himself sole master of the world. He es- 

 pecially strove to obtain the love of the people. He 

 showed mildness and magnanimity, without the ap- 

 pearance of striving after the highest power, and de- 

 clared himself ready to lay down his power when 

 Antony should return from the war against the Par- 

 thians. He appeared rather to permit than to wish 

 himself to be appointed perpetual tribune an office 

 which gave him supreme power. The more he ad- 

 vanced in the affections of the people, the mon- 

 openly did he declare himself against Antony. By 

 making public a will, wherein his rival appointed his 

 sons by Cleopatra his heirs, he stirred up the ill-will 

 of the Romans against him. Availing himself of this 

 feeling, Octavius declared war against the queen of 

 Egypt, and led a considerable tbrce both by sea and 

 land, to the Ambracian gulf, where Agrippa (q. v.) 

 gained the navai victory of Actium (q. v.), which 

 made Octavius master of the world, B. C. 31. H 

 2 L x 



