AUSTRIA. 



347 



zerland, which had been lost under Albert, was 

 frustrated by the valour of the troops of the Swiss 

 confederacy in the battle of Morgarten. In 1314, his 

 brother Frederic, chosen emperor of Germany by the 

 lectors, was conquered by his rival, the emperor 

 Louis (of Bavaria), in 1 322, at Muehldorf and was his 

 prisoner, for two years and a half, in the castle of 

 Trausnitz. The dispute with the house of Luxem- 

 berg, in Bohemia, and with pope John XXII., induc- 

 ed the emperor, in 1325, to liberate his captive. 

 Upon this the latter renounced all share in the gov- 

 ernment, andpledged himself to surrender all the im- 

 perial domains which were still in the possession of 

 A. But Leopold considered the agreement deroga- 

 tory to his dignity, and continued the war against 

 Louis. Frederic, therefore, again surrendered him- 

 self a prisoner in Munich. Moved by his faithful 

 adherence to his word, Louis concluded a friendly 

 compact with Frederic, and made preparations for 

 their common government, Sept. 7, 1325. These 

 preparations, however, were never carried into execu- 

 tion ; for the agreement had been concluded without 

 the consent of the electors. Leopold died in 1326, 

 and Henry of A. in 1327 ; Frederkralso died without 

 children, Jan. 13, 1330, after which his brothers, Al- 

 bert II. and Otho, came to a reconciliation with the 

 emperor Louis. After the death of their uncle, 

 Henry, margrave of Tyrol and duke of Carinthia 

 (the father ot Margaret Maultasch), they persuaded 

 the emperor to grant them the investiture of Tyrol 

 and Carinthia, in May, 1335 : they ceded Tyrol, 

 however, to John, king of Bohemia, by the treaty of 

 Oct. 9, 1 356, in behalf of his son John Henry, or 

 rather of his wife, Margaret Maultasch. In 1344, 

 after the death of Otho and his sons, Albert II., 

 called the fPise, united all his Austrian territories, 

 which, by his marriage with the daughter of the last 

 count of Pfirt, had been augmented by the estates 

 of her father in 1324, and by the Kyburg estates in 

 Burgundy in 1326. Of the four sons of Albert II. 

 (Rodolph, Albert, Leopold, and Frederic), Rodolph 

 II. (IV.) completed the church of St Stephen's, and 

 died at Milan, in 1365, without children, a short time 

 after his youngest brother, Frederic. In 1379, the 

 two surviving brothers divided the kingdom, so that 

 Albert III. (with the queue) became master of Aus- 

 tria, and gave the other territories to his brother 

 Leopold 111. the Pious. Leopold had made repeated 

 attempts to gain the Hapsburg possessions in Swit- 

 zerland. He was killed, July 9, 1286, on the field 

 of Sempach, where he lost the battle, in conse- 

 quence of the valour of Winkelrieg, and Albert 

 administered the government of the estates of his 

 brother's minor sons. Margaret Maultasch ceded 

 Tyrol to him on the death of Meinhard, her only son, 

 who was married to the sister of Albert. She re- 

 tained nothing but a few castles and 6000 marks of 

 gold. Her claims to Bavaria, also, she renounced, 

 in consideration of receiving Scharding and three 

 Tyrolese cities, Kitzbuhl, Ballenberg, and Kuffstein, 

 and 116,000 florins of gold. In 1365, Leopold III. 

 had bought the claims of the count of Feldkirch for 

 36,000 florins ; for 55,000 florins Austria received 

 Brisgau from the count of Fnrstenberg, with the 

 cities of Neuberg, Old Brisach, Kentzingen, and 

 Billingen. The remainder of Carniola and the Win- 

 disch Mark, after the death of the last count of Gorz, 

 were purchased, together with the county of Plu- 

 dentz, from the earl of Werdenberg, and the posses- 

 sions of the count of Hohenberg, for 66,000 florins; 

 and the city of Trieste was acquired, in 1380, by 

 aiding in the war between Hungary and Venice. 

 Moreover, the two governments of Upper and Lower 

 Suabia were pledged for 40,000 florins by the king 

 of Rome, Wenceslaus, to duke Leopold. The Aus- 



trian and Stirian lines, founded by Albert III. and 

 Leopold III., his brother, continued for seventy- 

 eight years. In 1395, when Albert III. died, his 

 only son, Albert IV., was in Palestine. On his re 

 turn, he determined to take vengeance on Procopius, 

 margrave of Moravia, for his hostile conduct ; but 

 he was poisoned, in 1404, at Znaym. His young son 

 and successor, Albert V., was declared of age in 

 1410; and, being the son-in-law of the emperor 

 Sigismund, he united the crowns of Hungary and 

 Bohemia in 1437, and connected them with that ot 

 Germany in 1438. But in the following year the 

 young prince died. His posthumous son, Ladisla us, 

 was the last of the Austrian line of Albert, and its 

 possessions devolved on the Stirian line, 1457. From 

 this time, the house of Austria has furnished an un- 

 broken succession of German emperors. Hungary 

 and Bohemia were lost for a time by the death of 

 Albert V., and, after the unhappy contests with the 

 Swiss, under Frederic III., the remains of the Haps- 

 burg estates in Switzerland. But several territories 

 were gained ; and, to increase the rising splendour 

 of the family, the emperor conferred upon the coun- 

 try the rank of an archduchy. The dispute which 

 broke out between Frederic and his brothers, Albert 

 and Sigismund, relating to the division of their pater- 

 nal inheritance, ended with the death of Albert, in 

 December, 1464. In the course of the troubles 

 which resulted from this quarrel, the emperor was 

 besieged in the citadel of Vienna by the citizens, 

 who favoured the cause of the murdered prince. 

 Sigismund now succeeded to his portion of the estate 

 of Ladislaus, and Frederic became sole ruler of all 

 Austria. His son Maximilian, by his marriage with 

 Mary, the surviving daughter of Charles the Bold, 

 united the Netherlands to the Austrian dominions. 

 But it cost Maximilian much anxiety and toil to 

 maintain his power in this new province, which he 

 administered as the guardian of his son Philip. .His 

 confinement at Bruges, in 1489, resulted in an agree- 

 ment which was decidedly for his advantage ; but he 

 lost, at the same time, the duchy of Guelders. After 

 the death of his father, which happened Aug. 19, 

 1493, he was made emperor of Germany, and trans- 

 ferred to his son Philip the government of the Ne- 

 therlands. Maximilian I. (see this article and Ger- 

 many) added to his paternal inheritance all Tyrol, 

 and several other territories, particularly some be- 

 longing to Bavaria. He also acquired for his family 

 new claims to Hungary and Bohemia. During his 

 reign, Vienna became the great metropolis of the 

 arts and sciences in the German empire. The mar- 

 riage of his son Philip to Joanna of Spain raised the 

 bouse of Hapsburg to the throne of Spain and the 

 Indies. But Philip died in 1506, thirteen years be- 

 fore his father, and the death of Maximilian, which 

 happened Jan. 12, 1519, was followed by the union 

 of Spain and Austria : his grandson (the eldest son 

 of Philip), Charles I., king of Spain (see Charles F.), 

 was elected emperor of Germany. In the treaty of 

 Worms, April 28, 1521, and of Ghent, May 7, 1540, 

 he ceded to his brother Ferdinand all his hereditary 

 estates in Germany, and retained for himself the 

 kingdom of the Netherlands. The house of A. was 

 now the proprietor of a tract of country in Europe 

 comprising 360,230 sq. miles. The emperor Charles 

 V. immediately increased the number of provinces 

 in the Netherlands to seventeen, and confirmed their 

 union with the German states, which had been con- 

 cluded by his grandfather, under the title of the 

 circle of Burgundy. In 1526, A. was recognized as 

 a European monarchy. 



II. From 1526 to 1740. Ferdinand I., by his 

 marriage with Anna, the sister of Louis II., king of 

 Hungary, who was killed in 1526, in the battle of 



