350 



AUSTRIA. 



o this province, and received, in return for it, 

 SaUmrg ami BerahtMfwlM, with a part of tlie ter- 

 ritory of Passau. and was afterwards made master of 

 llie largest part of EichstJidt, and honoured with the 

 title of elector. Austria obUiined the Tyrolese arch- 

 bishoprics Trent and Brixen, and, notwithstanding 

 its cc.s-.ions of territory to France, had gained, includ- 

 ing its acquisitions in Poland, 0580 square miles ; this 

 made tlie whole extent 253,771 square miles. The 

 |iul)lic debt hud also increased to 1220 million florins. 

 The first consul of France now caused himself to be 

 proclaimed emperor ; and Aug. 11, 1804, Francis de- 

 clared himself herediiary emperor of Austria, and 

 united all his states under the name of tlie empire of 

 .iiiiitriu. Immediately after this important act, he 

 took arms once more, with his allies, Russia and Great 

 Hriuiiu, against the government of France. The war 

 of 1805 was terminated by the peace of Presburg 

 (Dec. 26, 1805). By the conditions of the treaty, 

 Francis was obliged to cede to France the remaining 

 provinces of Italy ; to the king of Bavaria Burgau, 

 Eichstndt, a part of Passim, all Tyrol, Vorarlberg, 

 Ilolienembs, Rothenfels, Tettnang, Argen, and Lin- 

 dau ; to the king of Wurtemberg, the five towns lying 

 on the Danube, the county of Hohenberg, the land- 

 graviate of Nellenburg, Altdorf, and a part of Bris- 

 : Hi ; and to the grand duke of Baden the remainder 

 of Brisgau, Ortenau, Constance, and the commandery 

 of Meinau. He received, in return, Salzburg and 

 Berchtesgaden ; the elector of Salzburg was compen- 

 sated by the province of Wurzburg ; and the dignity 

 of grand master of the Teutonic order was made here- 

 ditary in the house of Austria. Thus ended a war 

 which cost the Austrian monarchy, besides the terri- 

 tories just enumerated, 90 million florins, which were 

 carried away by the French from Vienna, and 800 

 millions for the other expenses of the war ; of which 

 Francis \rn\d a large proportion from his private purse. 

 After the formation of the confederation of tlie Rhine 

 (July 12, 1806), Francis was forced to resign his dig- 

 nity as emperor of Germany (Aug. 6, 1800), which 

 had been in his family more than 500 years. This 

 w.is one of tlie most important consequences of the 

 war. He now assumed the title of Francis /., empe- 

 ror of Austria, and resolved, in 1809, on a new war 

 with France, aided only by Great Britain, who did 

 nothing more than furnish some pecuniary assistance, 

 and made a tardy attack on Walcheren. Austria 

 fought courageously, but in vain. The peace of 

 Vienna (Oct. 14, 1809) cost the monarchy 42,380 

 square miles of territory, 3,500,000 subjects, and 

 more than eleven million florins of revenue. The 

 public debt was also increased to 1200 million florins, 

 and all the paper money in circulation was estimated 

 at 950 millions. Napoleon, after tearing from the 

 Austrian monarchy its fairest provinces, the duchy 

 of Salzburg, with Berchtesgaden, Innviertel, Western 

 I lausruckviertel, Carniola, and Gorz, Trieste, the circle 

 of Villach, a large part of Croatia, Istria, Raezims in 

 the Grisons, the Bohemian territories in Saxony, all 

 West Galicia, the circle of Zamoski in East Galicia, 

 Cracow, with half the salt-works of Wieliczka, the 

 circle of Tarnopol, and many other provinces which 

 were given to Russia, formed a personal connexion 

 with the ancient family of Hapsburg by his marriage 

 with Marie Louise, daughter of the emperor of Aus- 

 tria, and, March 14, 1812, concluded an alliance 

 with the emperor Francis against Russia. But the 

 emperor of France was repulsed, on his invasion of 

 this country ; Prussia rose up against him ; the con- 

 gress of Prague met and separated again without ac- 

 complishing any thing; and Francis, Aug. 10, 1813, 

 declared-war against France, and formed an alliance, 

 Sept. 9, 1813, at Teplitz, with Britain, Russia, 

 Prussia, and Sweden against his son-in-law. In the 



kittle of Leipsic, the Austrian troops took an Jion- 

 ourable part. The firmness with which the emperor 

 signed the act of proscription against his son, and 

 fixed the fate of his daughter aniiher infant, excited 

 general respect. He signed the same act against 

 Napoleon a second lime, when he returned from 

 Elba. He also opposed Murat in Italy. Yet the 

 Austrian cabinet endeavoured to provide for young 

 Napoleon in tlie settlement of the a Hairs of Fnmce. 

 By the peace of Paris, 1814, Austria gained the por- 

 tion of Italy which now forms the Lombardo-Vene- 

 tian kingdom, ami recovered together wMi Dalmalia, 

 the hereditary territories which it had been obliged 

 to cede. The former grand duke of \Vurzburg, oil 

 the contrary, ceded his territory to Bavaria, and 

 again took possession of Tuscany. 



hi the new system of Europe, established at tlie con- 

 gress of Vienna, which met in 1815, and by the treaty 

 concluded with Bavaria, at Munich (April 14, 18l(i), 

 the Austrian monarchy not only gained more than 4238 

 square miles of territory, but was also essentially im- 

 proved in compactness ; and its commercial impor- 

 tance was increased by the accession of Dalmatia 

 and Venice. The influence of this power among the 

 states of Europe, in consequence of the congress of 

 Vienna, as the first member of the great quadruple 

 alliance (changed, by the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 

 1818, to a quintuple alliance), and as the head of the 

 German confederation, has been continually increas- 

 ing since the congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, as is evi- 

 dent to those who feel an interest in the history of 

 the age. Of the foreign affairs of the government, 

 which have been conducted by the prince von Met- 

 temich, the most important is the connexion of Aus- 

 tria with the German confederation. The imperial 

 cabinet overruled the deliberations of the German 

 confederates at Frankfort, through its minister, count 

 Buol-Sehauenstein (who was succeeded, in 1823, by 

 the baron of Munch-Bellinghaiisen), so that all the 

 decrees made in the congress of Carlsbad, in Aug., 

 1819 (see Congress and Carlsbad), relating to a gen- 

 eral censorship of literary institutions, the suppression 

 of liberal opinions and writings, and of secret socie- 

 ties, were unanimously adopted and published, 

 Sept, 20, 1819, and renewed Aug. 16, 1824. A 

 congress was held at Vienna, Nov. 25, 1819, com- 

 posed of all the ministers of the German confederates, 

 to draw up a constitution for the confederated states. 

 It was signed at Vienna, May 15, 18,v!0; and, June 

 8, of the same year, it was acknowledged at Frank- 

 fort as the universal law of the German confederation, 

 (q. v.) The ideas of the Austrian cabinet, in regard 

 to the political condition of Germany, were made 

 known to the public by the remarkable Lettre confi- 

 dentielle de S. A. Ic Prince dc Mettcrnich a M. le 

 Baron de Berstcti, premier Ministre the Grand Duche 

 de Baden, June, 1820. This letter is printed in Le- 

 sur's Annuaire (Paris, 1821, p. 252). The united in- 

 fluence of A. and Prussia, in the military committee 

 of the confederation, laid the foundation of the Ger- 

 man military system, and regulated the numbers and 

 distribution of the army of the confederacy, and the 

 occupation and command of the fortresses of the 

 empire. It must be observed, however, that A. (in 

 conformity with the 18th art. of the constitution), 

 abolished, in 1820, the right of emigration from its 

 own states to those of the German allies, and con- 

 cluded the Elbe navigation acts (see Elbe) at Dres- 

 den, in 1821, and at Hamburg, in 1824. Saxony 

 and Bavaria formed a closer connexion with the 

 house of A., by a family union, in 1819 and 1824. 

 The queen dowager of Saxony is a sister, and the 

 wife of Frederic prince of Saxony a daughter, of the 

 emperor Francis November 4, 1824, the second 

 imperial prince, the archduke Francis (born 1802), 



