AUSTRIA. 



353 



expense of the state. The cadet schools at Olmutz 

 and Gratz are still in a flourishing condition ; and an 

 institution has been set on foot tor the daughters of 

 officers, at Herrnhals, where 46 pupils can be instruct- 

 ed. Von Hietzinger published, at Vienna, in 1822, 

 in 2 vols., the statistics of the Austrian military dis- 

 tricts, established in the year 1807. A comparison 

 of this account with the statistics of the military colo- 

 nies of Russia (q. v.) affords interesting views. A., it 

 is well known, first carried into effect the idea of' 

 military colonies, by the grant of lands to 18 Sclavonic 

 regiments, along the confines of Turkey. These 

 regiments have the same origin, the same language, 

 ana the same religion with the majority of the Rus- 

 sians. The whole country is divided into 214 com- 

 pany districts, and eight squadron districts. Of the 

 male population, in 1820, only 16,834 men were ex- 

 empt from military duty. The troops consisted of 17 

 regiments of infantry, one battalion of Tschaikistes, 

 and a regiment of Hussars ; together, 45,579 men, 

 exclusive of the civil officers. In case of war, this 

 number can be increased to 70,000, including the 

 reserves, besides the militia, which are kept under 

 pay. The common service in the cordon on the fron- 

 tiers required 4200 men. In case of troubles in Tur- 

 key, or reports of the plague, 6800 are called out ; if 

 the danger is imminent, 10,000 men are brought into 

 action, and often dismissed again within eight or four- 

 teen days. The inhabitants on the frontiers are 

 obliged to serve, on an average, at least 100 days 

 yearly. The revenue of the frontier settlements was 

 estimated, in 1820, at 1,553,000 florins, convention 

 money (see Money, standard of) ; but the money ex- 

 pended on them was 2,457,900 such florins ; 1,384,800 

 of which were applied to the support of the troops 

 stationed there. (See Military frontiers.) The eco- 

 nomical regulations of the Austrian army are describ- 

 ed by Hubler ; and an account of the nature of their 

 discipline is given by Bergmayer (Vienna, 1821). 

 The Austrian Military Journal, conducted by captain 

 Schels, is full of information on this subject. 



The best map of the Austrian empire is that pre- 

 pared by the topographical cabinet of the quarter- 

 master-general's staff, drawn under the direction of 

 colonel Fallon. It is in nine sheets, published at 

 Vienna, in 1 822. According to this map, the Aus- 

 trian monarchy embraces, I. The hereditary states 

 of Austria, which form a part of the German confe- 

 deracy ; 76,199 square miles, 9,843,490 inhabitants. 

 They contain, 1. The arch duchy of Austria ; 1 4,833 

 square miles, 1,908,200 inhabitants : a. Austria below 

 the Ens, or lower Austria (7,713 square miles, 

 1,119,900 inhabitants), embracing Vienna, the capi- 

 tal : b. Austria above the Ens, or Upper Austria, in- 

 cluding the Innviertel, the Hausmckviertel, and the 

 Salzacn, or Salzburg circle (the duchy of Salzburg, q. 

 v.) ; 7119 square miles, 788,282 inhabitants. 2. The 

 duchy of Stiria ; 8454 square miles, 780,100 inhabi- 

 tants. 3. The county of Tyrol, raised to a principality, 

 with several districts of Salzburg, and the Vorarlberg 

 dominions ; 11,569 square miles, 738,000 inhabitants. 

 4. The kingdom of Bohemia, with Eger and Asch ; 

 20,172 square miles, 3,380,000 inhabitants. 5. The 

 margraviate of Moravia, with Austrian Silesia; 

 10,192 square miles, 1,805,500 inhabitants. 6. The 

 duchy of Auschwitz, lying in Galicia, but included in 

 the German confederacy, as art ancient Bohemian 

 fief and Silesian principality ; 1843 square miles, 

 335,190 inhabitants. 7. The kingdom of Illyria; 

 9132 square miles, 897,000 inhabitants. This king- 

 dom includes, a. the government of Laybach, or the 

 duchies of Carniola, and Carinthia : b. the government 

 of Trieste, or the Littorale; 3242 square miles, 

 370,000 inhabitants. II. The hereditary states of 

 Hungary; 125,105 square miles, 10,628,500 inhabi- 



tants. They contain, a. the kingdom of Hungary, 

 with the provinces of Sclavonia and Croatia ; 88,574 

 square miles, 8,fcOO,000 inhabitants; 1. the grand 

 principality of Transylvania(exclusive of the military 

 districts) ; 18,350 square miles, 1,435,000 inhabitants : 

 c. the Austrian military districts ; 1. In Croatia ; 

 Banal, Warasdine, and Carlstadt, united under om; 

 governor, in 1824, together with the Banal military 

 lands, 995 square miles, 96,000 inhabitants ; likewise 

 the two generalats, 5022 square miles, 301 ,200 .inha- 

 bitants. 2. In Sclavonia ; 2945 square miles, 244,000 

 inhabitants. 3. The Hungarian and Bannatic mili- 

 tary lands; S856 square miles, 505,000 inhabitants. 

 The Transylvanian military frontiers ; 5361 square 

 miles, 147,300 inhabitants. III. The kingdom of 

 Dalmatia, with Ragusa and Cattaro, containing 5827 

 square miles, and 320,000 inhabitants. IV. The 

 Lombardo- Venetian kingdom ; 17,608 square miles, 

 4,176,000 inhabitants. V. The kingdom of Galicia 

 and Lodomiria, with the province of Bukowina ; 

 32,272 square miles, 4,075,000 inhabitants. Thus 

 the whole Austrian monarchy contains more than 

 256,399 square miles, and upwards of 29 million in- 

 habitants. By the census of 1826, the population is 

 estimated at SOj millions. Besides this, the collateral 

 lines of A. have many valuable possessions : Tus- 

 cany and Este (Modena and Massa), containing 

 10,489 square miles, and 1,618,500 inhabitants. The 

 principal nations of A. are, 1. The Sclavonians, 

 13,400,000. 2. The Germans, ^,900,000. 3. The Ita- 

 lians, 4,350,000. 4. The Magyars, or Hungarians, 

 4.noo,000. 5. The Waiachians, 1,700,000. 6. The 

 Jews, 450,000. 7. The Zigeunes, or Gipsies, 110.000. 

 8. The Armenians, 13,052. 9. The Greeks, 3910 ; 

 together with Clementines, Turks, Albanese, French, 

 &c. The most populous part of Austria is the Lom- 

 bardo-Venetian kingdom : the population is 237 to a 

 square mile. Next to this are Bohemia and Moravia, 

 above and below the Ens. The smallest population 

 is found in the military districts on the frontiers, 

 Carinthia and Tyrol, Salzburg, and Dalmatia. Ac- 

 cording to the local returns, published by the geogra- 

 phical board of Vienna in 1822, edited by colonel 

 Fallon, and prepared in the preceding year, the rate 

 of the annual increase of the population appears to be 

 as follows : 



In Hungary and Transylvania, IT^JT 



Austria Proper, Stiria, and Transylvania,. . . 2 T lA 



Bohemia, Galicia, Illyria, and Moravia, 2*,& 



Dalmatia, Tyrol, and the Lombardo-Vene- 



tian kingdom, 2 T \j 



This statement gives an increase, in 12 years, on 

 the population orl815, calculated at 27,000,000, of 

 more tlian 27 per cent. ; in fact, nearly 7,000,000. 

 Different authorities agree, up to the year 1821, in 

 a rate of increase, which, if continued to 1828, would 

 make that increase more than 7,000,000. The mon- 

 archy numbers 777 cities, 635 suburbs, 2224 market 

 towns, and 69,105 villages. The most populous cities 

 are, Vienna, Milan, Venice, Lemberg, Padua, and 

 Debreczyn (population, 41,175.) Of the numerous 

 navigable rivers, the largest are, the Danube, Ens, 

 Morawa, or Marsch, Leytha, Raab, Drave, Save, the 

 Po, the Elbe, the Moldau, Eger, Oder, Vistula, and 

 Dniester. Thirty canals, seven of them very large, 

 have been constructed, during the reign of the pre- 

 sent emperor, for the promotion of trade. The largest 

 lakes are, Neusidle, Flatten, Palitsch, Cirknitz, and 

 Lago Maggiore. The mountains are, 1. The Alps, 

 which present a surface of 48,397 square miles : the 

 Ortlesspitze is 14,466 feet high; the Great Gluckncr, 

 12,239; Hohenwart, 10,392; Wiesbaclihorn and 

 Hochhorn, 10,600 11,000; Terglou, 9,744 ; Watz- 

 mann, 9,600; Brennkogal, 9,000. 2. The Sudetes 

 (white meadows, 4,500 feet high), Paschkopol. 3* 

 2 Y-Z 



