354 



AUSTRIA AUTENRlfcTH. 



Tlie Carpathian mountains. Tlie climate is different 

 in different parts of the empire. The Austrian mines 

 mid washings yield, annually, of gold, 3,'JOO marks ; 

 of silver, 108,000 marks; upwards of 2,200 tons of 

 Copper; of tin, 100; of iron, 69,000; of mercury, 

 281 ; of cinnabar, 435 ; cobalt, 88 tons ; calamine 

 and zinc, 380 tons ; arsenic, chrome, tellurium, 

 uranium, antimony (383 tons), manganese, bismuth, 

 IiKuUtone, precious stones, marble, porcelain, meer- 

 schaum, coal, sulphur, salt, &c. There are also GOO 

 mineral springs in the empire, of which Bohemia 

 alone contains 150 ; the most celebrated are at 

 Carlsbad, Toplitz, Franzensbad, Marienbad, Seid- 

 srlmu, I tilin. Baden, Gastein, Meadia in tiie Bannat, 

 Albano in Italy, &c. 



Austria furnishes wheat, and similar kinds of 

 grain, in abundance ; also maize, rice, pulse, fruits, 

 including the best southern fruits, oil, &c., wine, 

 hops, saffron, tobacco, hemp, and flax, woad, various 

 woods, black-cattle, buffaloes, horses, asses, and 

 mules, sheep, goats, swine, poultry, wild beasts, 

 fishes, pearl-oysters, bees (which yield, annually, 

 1200 tons of wax, and 19,500 tons of honey), silk 

 (i ,570,000 pounds). Prince Liechtenstein, at Eis- 

 grub, in Moravia, has the largest plantation of foreign 

 woods in Europe. Every branch of agriculture is 

 prosecuted with care and skill, and the raising of 

 sheep is particularly attended to. There are still, 

 however, in Hungary, 2119 square miles of morass. 

 The most fertile and best cultivated part of the 

 empire is the Lombardo- Venetian territories. The 

 manufacture of silk, in this district, has also been 

 highly improved by count Dandolo. The manufac- 

 tures yield, annually, 1425 million florins, convention- 

 money. They consist of watches and clocks, por- 

 celain, mirrors, and brass, iron, and steel, linen, 

 cotton, paper, tobacco, sugar, wool, silk, leather, and 

 bleached wax. Tlie trade has increased since the 

 recovery of Italy. The exports of the country amount 

 to more than thirty-six million florins, convention- 

 money (see Money); and the imports to forty-four 

 millions. The principal sea-ports are Trieste, 

 Venice, and Fiume : other places of trade are Vienna, 

 Prague, Pest, Lemberg, Brody, and Gratz. The 

 bank of Vienna affords the most important support 

 to the commercial interests of the state : the same 

 advantage is derived from the Austrian national com- 

 pany of commerce, lately erected for the sale 01 

 merchandise, and the promotion of trade. 



The prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic 

 The bishoprics in Germany and Hungary are richly 

 endowed, particularly the archbishoprics of Gran, 

 Colocza, Olmutz, Erlau, &c. The whole number is 

 fourteen. In Lemberg 'and in Venice there is an 

 Armenian Catholic archbishop, and in Venice a 

 Catholic patriarch. The Greek church is under the 

 archbishop of Carlovitza. The Lutherans and Cal- 

 vinists have consistories and superintendents ; and in 

 Hungary and Transylvania, their civil rights are 

 nearly equal to those of the Roman Catholics. There 

 are also Mennonites, Mohammedans, &c., in various 

 parts of the empire. The number of Catholics in A 

 is estimated at 23,978,000 ; members of the Greek 

 church, 2,814,378; Calvinists, 1,584,716; Luther 

 ans, 1,119,800 ; Unitarians, 49,000. Universities an 

 established at Vienna, Prague, Pest, Lemberg, anc 

 Pavia. There are lyceums at Lintz, Gratz, Brunn 

 Grosswardein ; a mining academy at Schemnitz ; a 

 medical school at Vienna ; an academy for painting 

 sculpture, architecture, and engraving at Vienna ; : 

 library ; a gallery of paintings ; collections of medal 

 and other antiquities, which are deserving of notice. 

 The government is a monarchy ; in Hungary an 

 Transylvania, a limited monarchy : in the othe 

 territories of the empire, the estates (of which then 



re four in Tyrol, including the peasantry) arc con- 

 eued to grant the supplies called for to meet the 

 xpenses of government. But the system of im- 

 >osts and customs, existing l>etween the different 

 "istricts, is an impediment to commerce. The law of 

 rimogeniture prevails in regard to the succession to 

 he throne. There are seven knightly orders, 1. 

 hat of the golden fleece ; 2. of the starry cross, for 

 adies of princely or ancient noble families ; (the 

 bllowing being also orders of merit) ; 3. the military 

 order of Maria Theresa ; 4. the royal order of St 

 Stephen, in Hungary ; 5. the imperial Austrian 

 irder of Leopold, which has existed since 1808; 



6. the order of the iron crown (renewed in 1816) ; 



7. the order of Elizabeth Theresa, for officers only, 

 vho have risen, at least, to the rank of colonels 

 There are, also, in Austria, a. the ancient imperial 



Teutonic order, of which an archduke is appointed 

 ;rand-master by the emperor ; b. the spiritual order 

 f St John, which has a grand-priorate in Bohemia, 

 and several commandenes in Upper and Lower 

 Austria ; c. the order of the cross with the red star. 

 At the head of the administration, under the direc- 

 ,ion of the emperor, stands the privy-counsellor for 

 lome affairs. There are two departments of govern- 

 ment, one for foreign and the other for domestic 

 affairs, both under the direction of a minister. The 

 judicial system is mild and well-regulated. The 

 3ivil code, completed July 1, 1811, is very good. 

 The courts were much improved as early as 1781. 

 A general penal code was adopted Jan. 1, 1804. 

 These laws are in force only for the German, Galician, 

 and Italian territories, for Dalmatia, and the military 

 districts. The revenue of the state (including the 

 extraordinary income) is estimated at 220 million 

 florins of silver, and the interest of the public debt at 

 twenty-two millions yearly. By the loan of 1827, 

 the public debt was increased to 680 million florins. 

 This estimate is exclusive of 98,025,413 florins in 

 redemption and anticipation certificates (einlosungs 

 und anticipations scheine), which were in circulation 

 June 30, 1827. The standing army, in time of 

 peace, is composed of 271,400 men, including 39,000 

 horse, and 17,790 artillery. The supplementary 

 troops, the reserve, and the militia, together, com- 

 prise about 479,000 men. The naval force consists 

 of three ships of the line, six frigates, three corvettes, 

 three brigs, and four schooners. There are, also, in 

 the empire, twenty-five fortresses, and fifty-nine 

 fortified towns. On the history of the Austrian 

 monarchy, see the works of Genersich (Vienna, 

 8 vols. 1817) ; Coxe (History of the House of Austria, 

 London, 1807, 3 vols. 4to.) ; J. B. Schels's History 

 of Austria (Vienna, 181927, 9 vols., to the time of 

 Joseph II.). In regard to the statistics of this 

 country, the following works are valuable : Dar- 

 stellung des Fabrik- und Gewerbwesens in seinem 

 gegenw. Zustande ; vorzugl. in technischer mercantil. 

 und statisch. Bezieh. und mit Berucksicht des Fabrik- 

 und Gewerbwesens im (Estr. Kaiserstaate, herausgeg 

 von Steph. Edl. von Kees. Henna, 1824. Die 

 Douanen und Quarantaineverfassung des (Estreich. 

 Kaiserstaats, in ihrer gegenw. Gestalt von A. A. 

 Kronegger. Vienna, 1824. Handbuch fur Reisende 

 in dem (Estreich. Kaiserstaate von R. E. von Jenny : 

 to which Hormayr's Archiv., 1824, is a useful sup- 

 plement. Gelehrten und Schriftsteller-Lexicon der 

 (Estreich. Monarchic von D. Sartori, which begins in 

 1801, and forms a valuable addition to De Luca's 

 Gelehrtes (Estreich. 



AUTENRIFTH, John Henry Ferdinand, chancellor of 

 the university of Tubingen, and professor of medicine 

 in the same institution, was born in the year 1772, 

 and early evinced decided talent in the depart- 

 ment of natural science. His imaffination was livelv. 



