BADEN. 



371 



BADEN, grand-duchy of ; governed by a family of 

 princes, who derive their origin from Godfrey, a duke 

 of the Alemanni, who defended his country till his 

 death, in 709, against the attempts of the Franks. 

 In 1801, the government devolved upon Charles 

 Louis Frederic, who, in 1806, was married to Steph- 

 anie Louise Adrienne Napoleone, an adopted daugh- 

 ter of Napoleon. After his death, Dec. 8, 1818, as 

 lie left no male descendants, his uncle, Louis William 

 Augustus, became his successor, with the title of 

 margrave, 



Until the peace of Luneville, the territory of Baden 

 contained 1631 square miles, with 210,000 inhabit- 

 ants. At this peace, 169 square miles, with 25,000 

 inhabitants, were given up, and, on the other hand, 

 ~1270 square miles, with 245,000 inhabitants, were 

 gained. May 1, 1803, the margrave received the 

 dignity of elector. By the peace of Presburg, which 

 restored Brisgau to Baden, and by her accession to 

 the confederation of the Rhine, to which she owes 

 the grand-ducal title, and the sovereignty of the 

 greater part of the territory of the prince of Fursten- 

 berg, of the landgraviate of Clettgau, and of the 

 principality of Leiningen, &c., as well as by the ex- 

 change ot lands with Wurtemberg, in 1810, which 

 added to Baden almost 30,000 new subjects, the size 

 of her territory has been enlarged to 5900 square 

 miles, with 1,145,000 inhabitants. This was the 

 number of inhabitants in 1826. In 1822, there were 

 1,090,910, according to official papers, showing an 

 increase at the rate of one and forty-eight hundredths 

 annually. The hereditary lands (Baden-Baden and 

 Baderi-Durlach) contain, exclusive of the territories 

 ceded, 1080 square miles, with 217,381 inhabitants ; 

 and the whole of the acquisitions have been estimated 

 at about 4450 square miles, with 750,000 inhabitants ; 

 among which, however, some seigniories seem not to 

 be comprehended. The grand-duchy contained, in 

 1819, eight seigniories, comprising 1315 square miles, 

 and 196,000 inhabitants, and a taxable capital of 

 139,306,000 florins, besides eighty-one independent 

 proprietors, with 635 square miles, 120,000 inhabi- 

 tants, and 99,043,000 florins taxable capital. Setting 

 these aside, there remain under the exclusive con- 

 trol of the sovereign, about 3800 square miles, with 

 690,000 inhabitants, and 535,531,000 florins taxable 

 capital. The finance regulations for 1825, 1826, and 

 1827. fixed the revenue of the state at 9,320,280 

 florins, from which are to be deducted the expenses 

 of the administration, 2,110,465 florins. According 

 to the budget of 1820, Baden had but 14,605,100 

 florins of debts. After the battle of Leipsic, the 

 grand-duke of Baden left the confederation of the 

 Rhine, and, in 1815, joined the German confedera- 

 tion, in the diet of which he has the seventh place, 

 and in the general assembly (plenum) three votes. 



The country of Baden, one of the most fertile in 

 Germany, extends to a great length, but with little 

 width, along the Rhine, from its outlet from lake 

 Constance to the confluence of the Neckar, and con- 

 sists mostly of a fertile plain, with excellent corn- 

 fields and vineyards, washed on the west by the 

 Rhine, and bordered on the east by the Oden-wald 

 and the Black Forest, of both which mountains con- 

 siderable parts belong to this grand-duchy, and con- 

 tribute to its beautiful scenery, among which the 

 charming Bergstrasse and the.picturesque valley of 

 the Murg are distinguished. The chief productions 

 are grain, which is abundant, in particular, spelt, a 

 great plenty of fruit (in th* warm regions of the 

 Bergstrasse, almonds, chestnuts, and walnuts are 

 fcund), of which a great deal is exported, tobacco, 

 madder, excellent hemp, and good wines, many 

 kinds of which are esteemed in foreign countries. 

 The forests are likewise in an excellent condition, 



as the former grand-duke was careful to preserve 

 them, whilst other princes of Germany wasted their 

 woods. By means of mercantile societies, and the 

 easy communication afforded by the rivers Murg, 

 Kenzig, and Rhine, considerable commerce in wood 

 has been carried on between Baden, France, and 

 Holland. The raising of cattle is extensively pur- 

 sued in the regions of the Black Forest. In the 

 mountains, minerals of various kinds are found, but 

 there is a deficiency of salt. From the sands of the 

 Rhine gold is washed, of which Baden, in former 

 times, coined ducats, bearing the inscription, Sic ful- 

 gent litora Rheni. The manufactures are limited. 

 They employ about 10,000 persons. Most of them 

 are in Manheim, Pforzheim, and Carlsruhe. The 

 manufactures of jewelry, of toys, and trinkets, at 

 Pforzheim, of which there are, at present, twenty-one, 

 producing annually wares to the amount of 600,000 

 florins, are generally known. A peculiar branch of 

 industry, among the inhabitants of the Black Forest, 

 is the making of wooden clocks. This business em- 

 ploys about 700 workmen, who furnish annually 

 above 100,000 clocks, which are sold all over Europe 

 and in America. The exports of the country, how- 

 ever, consist rather of its natural productions than of 

 its manufactures, and are easily transported along its 

 good roads, and the navigable rivers Rhine, Neckar, 

 and Maine. On account of its situation between 

 Germany, France, and Switzerland, Baden derives 

 much advantage from its carrying trade. The ma- 

 jority of the inhabitants are of the Catholic church, 

 though the grand duke is a Lutheran. For the in- 

 struction of the Protestant youth, and for the country 

 schools, which are everywhere established, teachers 

 are educated in the seminary at Carlsruhe. Provi- 

 sion is made for the promotion of learning by the 

 Latin schools, academies, and gymnasiums, and by 

 the universities of Heidelberg and Freiberg. On the 

 3d of May, 1819, the grand-duke established the 

 following division of the state : the capital, Carlsruhe, 

 belongs to no circle, but is immediately subject tc 

 the minister of the interior ; the rest of the state is 

 divided into six circles. Since that time, in conse- 

 quence of the convention with Bavaria and Austria 

 (Frankfort, July 10, 1819), the Austrian county Ho- 

 hengeroldseck (near the Black Forest, containing 

 52 square miles and 4500 inhabitants, and yielding a 

 revenue of 34,000 florins) has been incorporated with 

 Baden, for which she gave up to Austria a propor- 

 tional part of Wertheim. 



The grand-duchy of Baden anciently enjoyed, like 

 almost all the countries of Europe, a constitution in 

 which the estates were represented. This was, how- 

 ever, finally lost, like the constitutions of most of the 

 other states. After the middle of the 17th century, 

 the dukes of Baden were absolute, till the reigning 

 grand-duke, in 1818, bestowed on his subjects a con- 

 stitution, proceeding, like the French, from the prince 

 alone (constitution octroye), and not consisting of a 

 compact between the people and the prince, like the 

 English constitution, or that of Wurtemberg. The 

 legislature of Baden now consists of two chambers. 

 To the first one belong, besides the peers, eight de- 

 puties of the nobility, one deputy of each of the uni- 

 versities of Baden, the Catholic bishop, and a Pro- 

 testant prelate ; and the grand duke can besides 

 nominate eight members, without reference to their 

 birth or station. Accordingly, the first chamber may 

 consist of twenty-eight members. The second cham- 

 ber consists of sixty-three deputies ; one for about 

 16,000 souls. Every citizen and officer of govern- 

 ment may partake in the elections. A deputy must 

 possess either a taxable property of 10,000 florins, or 

 some office which gives him an income of at least 

 1509 florins. In 1819, the chambers assembled for 

 3 A B2 



