372 



BADEN BADGEK. 



tin- first time, but were dissolved July 28, because 

 they could not agree with each other or with the 

 ministry. In 1820, they were assembled again, and, 

 though the dissensions had by no means subsided, 

 they agreed on some important measures the aboli- 

 tion of die remains of bond-sen ice, the responsibility 

 nf ministers, &c. The discussions liavc been pub- 

 lished by each of the chambers, at Carisruhe. 



KADKN (a German word signifying bathing) ; the 

 name of three cities famous for their uatlis. 



1. Baden in Suabia, with 418 houses and .'teUJ in- 

 habitants (Civitas Aurelia aquentis of the Romans), in 

 later times, during (KK) years, tlie residence of the 

 margrave of Baden, situated in a charming vale, 

 about two leagues from the river Rhine. The castle 

 affords, from all sides, the most splendid prospects. 

 It contains a number of subterranean vaults, which, 

 according to tradition, served as a seat of the secret 

 court of criminal justice, called the Feme. They 

 were probably made by the Romans. The liall of 

 antiquities (museum palaco-technicum) contains Ro- 

 man monuments, which have been found in the vici- 

 nity. The college church of the Jesuits is distin- 

 guished by the sepulchres of the margraves. It has 

 six altar-pieces, painted by Lill, after Guido Reni. 

 Baden has twenty-six mineral springs, the principal 

 of which has a temperature of 130 Fahrenheit, and 

 affords, in twenty-four hours, 7,345,440 cubic inches 

 of water. The rock from which it issues is even now 

 covered in part with marble of Carrara, and was pro- 

 bably a Roman bath. In the former bath for the 

 poor, there are also remains of Roman baths. In the 

 Hollenquelle (hell-spring), of 144 Fahrenheit, meat 

 is cooked. There is a bath for the poor kept in good 

 order before the Geresbach gate. 



2. Baden in Lower Austria, with 400 houses and 

 2400 inhabitants. Its situation, on rocky hills of 

 limestone, is beautiful. Near the park of the bath 

 of Theresa, with its beautiful alleys, is the lime-rock 

 from which the medicinal spring bubbles out. The 

 temperature of the baths is 92 97 Fahrenheit. 

 The hottest of them are the Ursprung, the Ladies' 

 bath, and Joseph's bath. There are twelve in all. 

 They are built in such a way, that each of them can 

 contain from forty to a hundred and fifty persons. 

 Whoever wishes to bathe in private, can do so at a 

 particular hour. The common bath, however, is 

 preferred. On mount Calvary there are vapour- 

 oaths. The cave at the Ursprung is noted for a salt 

 deposited on its base, which is called salt of Baden. 

 The number of foreigners, who annually visit Baden, 

 is estimated to be from 7000 to 8000. 



3. Baden in Switzerland, in the canton Aargau, on 

 the Limmat, is a very pleasant country. The Ro- 

 mans here founded a city, on account of the medici- 

 nal waters, and built a castle at a place where now 

 stands the city. In later times, the assemblies of the 

 representatives of the Swiss federation were held 

 here till 1712. 



BADEN, peace of, concluded between Germany and 

 France, Sept. 7, 1714. See Rastadt. 



BADEN-BADEN (Louts William I.), Margrave of; 

 grandson of the margrave William I. of Baden-Ba- 

 den ; born at Paris, April 8, 1655, where Louis XIV. 

 was his godfather. The princess of Carignano, his 

 mother, wished to educate him at Paris, but his 

 rather and grandfather secretly took him away, when 

 he was bat (ferae months old, that he might pass his 

 childhood among the people whom he was destined 

 to govern. He served his first campaign under 

 Montecuculi, against Turenne in Alsace, where this 

 great general fell. The prince of Baden was order- 

 ed to harass the retreat of the French army, which he 

 did with success till Conde took the command. Monte- 

 cuculi gave in his resignation, and the duke of Lor- 



raine succeeded him. Louis served under thy 

 general until the peace of Nimeguen, when he 

 returned, in 1678, to his margraviale. When the 

 war between Austria and Turkey broke out, he 

 threw himself, with u body of troops, into Vienna, 

 which was besieged by the Turks. The duke of 

 Lorraine, and the king of Poland, Sobieski, came to 

 the relief of this capital, and Louis effected a junc- 

 tion with them by a vigorous sally. The city was 

 relieved, the Turks retired in disorder, and Louis 

 gained several victories. He subsequently received 

 the command in chief of the imperial army on the 

 Danube, and defeated the Turks, Sept. 24, 1689, at 

 Nissa, and Aug. 19, 1691, at Salenkemen. In 1693, 

 he was entrusted with the command of tlie imjx Tiid 

 army in Germany, against the 1'reneh ; he retook 

 Heidelberg, and afterwards visited EDgMad to con- 

 cert with king William the plan of operations against 

 France. He opened tlie campaign in the spring of 

 1694, invaded Alsace, baffled the vigilance of the. 

 duke of Lorges, and showed the greatest activity, 

 though he suffered violently from the gout. \Vhni 

 the throne of Poland was vacant by tlie death of So- 

 bieski, in 1697, he was among the competitors for 

 the crown; but Frederic Augustus II., elector of 

 Saxony, gained the prize, and tlie margrave returned, 

 after the peace of Ryswick, into his own country. 

 When the Spanish war of succession broke out, he 

 commanded the imperial army, and, in 1702, took 

 Landau, notwithstanding its valiant resistance. In 

 1703, he showed his talents in the art of fortification, 

 by laying out the famous lines of Stollhofen, which 

 extended from the Black Forest, through Buhl, to 

 Stollhofen and the Rhine. Yet the fortune ofw.tr 

 proved at last less favourable to him, of which his 

 excessive caution, owing to his bad health, and the. 

 poor condition of the army of the empire, were tlie; 

 causes. He was one of the greatest generals of his 

 time, and was never really defeated. After having 

 made twenty-six campaigns, commanded at twenty- 

 five sieges, and fought thirteen battles, he died at 

 Rastadt, Jan. 4, 1707. 



BADENOCH ; a mountainous district in Invent! - 

 shire, 33 miles in length, and 27 in breadth. It is 

 watered by the river Spey, several extensive lochs, 

 and a few rivulets. Much-of the surface is covered 

 with forests of natural growth, abounding with game. 

 Between Spey bridge and Pitmain are the remains 

 of a Roman camp adjacent to which have been found 

 a tripod, also an urn containing ashes. Badenoch 

 gave title of baron to the Cumyns, which was for- 

 feited in 1306. The population of the district is 

 small. 



BADEXS, Francis ; an historical and portrait painter, 

 born at Antwerp in 1751. He was highly esteemed. 

 The news of his brother having been assassinated 

 caused his death in 1 803. 



BADGER (meles, Briss.) ; a genus of mammiferous 

 quadrupeds, belonging to the plantigrade tribe, which 

 place the soles of the hinder feet on the ground in 

 walking. The head of the animals pertaining to this 

 genus is very similar to some of the smaller varieties 

 of dogs, having a moderately elongated snout, small 

 eyes, and short, rounded ears. The teeth bear a 

 considerable resemblance, in figure and arrangement, 

 to those of the bear, to which genus that of the bad- 

 ger is closely allied. The body is large, supported 

 on short, stout legs, and tlie paws are enveloped 

 by the integument so as to leave but a small part 

 free, and are provided with long, curved claws, es- 

 pecially adapted for burrowing. The motions of the 

 badger are slow, and the belly appears to be trajjed 

 along the ground, although the length of hair on the 

 inferior part of the body makes this trailing appear 

 greater than it really is. Possessing a considerable 





