376 



BAIADEER BAILIFF. 



reat UJents, and mode himself known very early, 

 Init was probably spoiled by this very success, la 

 17o^, he was appointed professor in the university 

 of Leipsic. His works and his talents as a preacher 

 procured him many admirers, but, in consequence of 

 an irregularity, he was obliged to quit that city in 

 1768. From this time he led an unsettled life. He 

 was successively professor of theology and preacher 

 in Erfurt (where he was made doctor of theology), in 

 Giessen, Switzerland, and in Turkheim, but was 

 obliged to leave each of these places, on account of 

 l!s severe attacks on the, clergy, and the heterodox 

 views manifested in his writings and sermons, as well 

 as on account of hU irregular life. The aulic coun- 

 cil declared him disqualified to preach or to publish, 

 unless he would revoke the religious principles ad- 

 vanced in his works. At length ne found an asylum 

 in the Prussian dominions. In 1779, he went to 

 Halle, where he published his Creed. It is tho- 

 roughly deistical, denying the miracles, and not in- 

 si-iing on the immortality of the soul. He lectured 

 in Halle, but soon became involved ill difficulties 

 with the clergy ; upon which he left the city, and 

 established, in a neighbouring vineyard, a public 

 house, where he had many customers. But two 

 works which he wrote against the Religious Edict 

 (a miserable law, issued under the late king of Prus- 

 sia, a man who was governed by mistresses, and be- 

 lieved in apparitions), in one of which he proposed a 

 union of all religions, made him suspected. He was 

 condemned, and confined in the fortress of Magde- 

 burg. Here he wrote his life. At the end of a year, 

 he again opened his public house at Halle, and died 

 in 1792. B. wrote and spoke with ease and fluency, 

 but his works, even the most learned of them, are 

 wanting in thorough knowledge; yet they have 

 certainly had some influence. 

 BAIADKER. See Bayadeer. 



BALE. This Campanian Brighton (Nullut in orle 

 sinus Bajii pralucet amcenis, Horace), once the place 

 where the wealthy Romans had their country-seats, 

 the favourite abode of the Ambubaiae and the Bala- 

 trones, is now deserted, and interesting to the stranger 

 only for the ruins of old baths, which are shown as 

 temples, and for the remains of former palaces, visi- 

 ble beneath the waves of the sea. B. owes its fame 

 to its hot baths, and its situation on a most charming 

 bay, secured, by surrounding hills, from the violence 

 of the winds. " Even before the time of Czesar," 

 says Wieland, in his remarks on the 15th epistle of 

 the first book of Horace, " Baias was the place where 

 the rich Romans thought themselves entitled to lay 

 aside the restraint of republican hypocrisy, and to 

 give themselves up, without shame, to the pleasures 

 and voluptuousness which brought this charming 

 place into such ill repute, that Propertius was impa- 

 tient to call his mistress away from it, and Cicero, in 

 his defence of the young M. Coelius, thought it ne- 

 cessary to apologize for defending a man who had 

 lived at Baiae." Its insalubrity, of which there are 

 intimations even in the letters of Cicero, may have 

 been occasioned partly by the vapours of its hot 

 springs, but is now increased by the desertion ol 

 the country, and the stagnation of the ditches 

 used for steeping flax. Yet the charm of its situa- 

 tion still survives, though only single fishing-boats 

 are seen on its bay, to call to mind the fleets, which, 

 starting from the Julian and Misenian lakes, passec 

 by the islands, within sight of Puzzuoli. 



BAIKAL ; a lake or inland sea in Siberia, 360 miles 

 long, from S. W. to N. E., and from 20 to 53 in 

 breadth, interspersed with islands ; Ion. 104 to 110 

 E. ; lat. 51 2ff to 55- M N. It contains many fish 

 particularly sturgeons, pikes, and seals. In the en 

 viroos are several sulphurous springs, and in one part 



r the mouth of the. river Barguzin, it discharges a 

 kind of pitch, which the inhabitants purify. The 

 water is sweet, transparent, and appears, at a distance, 

 reen, like the sea. It receives the waters of tin: 

 Jpper Angara, Selinga, Hurgiuin, and other ri\er- : 

 >ut tile Lower Augar.i i- the only one by which it 

 eems to discharge its waters. Nothing can be con- 

 ceived more interesting and magnificent than this 

 lake. Those who have visited it seem at a loss for 

 anguage adequate to describe the feelings which it 

 >xcites when first beheld. It is enclosed by nigged 

 mountains, and the sublime scenery around strikes 

 every beholder with astonishment, and awe. At some 

 easons, it is so agitated by violent storms, that, in 

 he tremendous roaring of its billows, it equals the 

 mighty ocean, while at others, the clearness of its 

 inruflled bosom emulates the lustre of the finest 

 mirror. 



BAIL is, in one of its senses, the delivery of a per- 

 son to another for keeping, and is used in reference 

 to one arrested, or committed to prison, upon either 

 a civil or criminal process; and he is said to be 

 wiled, when he is delivered to another, who becomes 

 iis surety in bonds (to a greater or less amount, ac- 

 cording to the amount of the demand for which he is 

 sued, or the heinousness of the crime with which lie 

 s charged), for his appearance at court to take his 

 rial. Bail is either common or special ; the former 

 >eing merely fictitious, whereby nominal sureties, as 

 John Doe and Richard Roe, are feigned to be an- 

 iwerable for the defendant's appearance at the court 

 to which he is cited. Special bail is that of an actual 

 iurety. 



BAILIFF. In the court of the Greek emperors 

 there was a grand bajulos, first tutor of the emperor's 

 children. The superintendent of foreign merchants 

 seems also to have been called bajulos, and, as IKS 

 was appointed by the Venetians, this title (balio) was 

 transferred to the Venetian ambassador. From 

 Greece, the official bajulos (balliw-t, 1/aiUi, in France ; 

 bailiff", in England), was introduced into the south of 

 Europe, and denoted a superintendent : hence the 

 eight ballivi of the knights of St John, which con- 

 ititute its supreme council. In France, the royal 

 bailiffs were commanders of the militia, administra- 

 tors or stewards of the domains, and judges of their 

 districts. In the course of time, only the first duty 

 remained to the bailiff; hence he was called lailli 

 tTepee, and laws were administered in his name by a 

 lawyer, as his deputy, lieutenant de robe. The 

 seigniories, with which high courts were connected, 

 employed bailiffs, who thus constituted, almost every 

 where, the lowest order of judges. From the courts 

 of the nobility, the appellation passed to the royal 

 courts ; from thence to the parliaments. In the 

 greater bailiwicks of cities of importance, Henry II. 

 established a collegial constitution, under the name 

 ofpresidial courts. As all offices of justice could be 

 purchased, and, in the lower courts, no examination 

 was required (only the counsellors in the presidial 

 courts were to be twenty-five years of age, licentiates 

 of law, and be examined by the chancellors), and as 

 the bailiwicks were generally very small, this kind ol 

 jurisdiction fell into great contempt. The baillis 

 had become a standing subject of ridicule on the 

 stage, for their ignorance, their ridiculous presump- 

 tion, their deceit and injustice. The royal bailiwick-;, 

 therefore, by an order of Sept. 1, 1770, were reform- 

 ed ; the jurisdiction of the nobles was first abolished 

 by the laws of Aug. 4, 1789, and supplied by the 

 district courts, tribunaux de premiere instance. 



The name of bailiff' was introduced into England 

 with William I. The counties was also called baili- 

 wicks (ballivee), while the subdivisions were called 

 hundreds, but. as the courts of the hundreds have 



