( ANDIA CANDIDATE. 



hitherto followed, they approached the fortress by 

 employing a great inunber of men in digging a deep 

 ditch, throwing up the earth towards tile place, and 

 continuing to move it funvanl with shovels, till they 

 reached and filled the trench. Daring sallies and 

 well-applied mines, however, kept the Turks in 

 check for a long time, and often destroyed their 

 works ; but, having finally succeeded in e-i.:l>- 

 lishing themselves on the bastion of St Andre, 

 they found beyond it strong intrenchments, which 

 withstood the most violent assaults; and the ap- 

 proach of winter found the besiegers no farther ad- 

 vanced. In the spring of 1669, the Turks pursued 

 their labours slowly, but surely and successfully. In 

 a short time, nothing but a heap of earth and stones 

 remained to the Venetians of the bastion of St An- 

 dre, and their last defence was a wall, thrown up du- 

 ring the winter, as a general intrenchment. In this 

 exfremity, the dukes of Beaufort and Navailles ap- 

 peared with a French fleet and 7000 troops. A des- 

 perate sally was undertaken with this new reinforce- 

 ment. A mine, which was to serve as a signal, and 

 throw the Turks into confusion, did not explode : on 

 the contrary, a Turkish powder magazine blew up 

 when the French had already got possession of the 

 trenches, and repelled an attempt of the Turks to re- 

 cover them. This explosion filled the French with 

 such a fear of concealed mines, that they fled in dis- 

 order to the fortress, and left 200 men dead on the 

 field, among whom were many brave officers, and 

 the duke of Beaufort. At the same time, the Chris- 

 tian fleet, consisting of 80 ships and 50 galleys, which 

 were to attack the Turkish camp in the flank, was 

 thrown into disorder by the batteries on the coast, 

 and the blowing up of a ship of 70 guns, and the sal- 

 ly was entirely unsuccessful. This misfortune in- 

 creased the discord which already existed to such a 

 degree, that the duke of Navailles, convinced that 

 the preservation of the fortress was impossible, re- 

 embarked his corps, and returned to France. Individu- 

 als belonging to the other troops joined the French ; 

 the Maltese, and almost all the volunteers, also, de- 

 parted shortly after ; a new assault of the Turks was 

 more successful than the previous ones, and brought 

 them to the palisades of the last intrenchment ; the 

 garrison, amounting to scarcely 3000 men, was de- 

 sponding and disobedient; quarrels distracted the 

 commanders, and every thing announced that the 

 place must fell at the next assault. It was resolved, 

 therefore, in a council of war, to surrender. The 

 terms of capitulation gave the garrison and inhabit- 

 ants liberty to depart within 12 days, and to take with 

 them all their property, even the artillery which had 

 been introduced into the city during the siege, and 

 left the Venetians in possession of Suda, Garabusa, 

 and Spinalonga. Sept. 27, 1669, the city was sur- 

 rendered, after a war of 25 years, a blockade of 13 

 years, and a siege, in which the trenches had been 

 open 2 years, 3 months, and 27 days. Its de- 

 fence must serve as a model to the latest ages, as one 

 of the bravest recorded in history, and proves what 

 Christian courage could effect against Turkish fury 

 and superiority of numbers, even at a time when the 

 European art of war was imperfect, and the Turkish 

 empire was at the zenith of its prosperity. At the 

 time of the capitulation, the garrison consisted of only 

 2500 soldiers. 30,985 Christians, and 1 18,754 Turks 

 were killed or wounded during the siege ; 56 assaults 

 were made by the Turks ; 96 sallies by the Christians ; 

 472 mines were sprung by the former, 1173 by the 

 latter ; 509,692 cannon shot were fired by the for- 

 tress, and 180,000 cwt. of lead used for musket balls 

 by the Christians. The Turks found the city in a 

 ruinous -state; every thing of any value was taken 

 away ; only 33 men, for the most part far advanced 



in years, remained behind, and 350 miserable cannon 

 stood Dii the walls. The Turks immediately repaired 

 all the works. Having obtained possession of the 

 capital, they now endeavoured to expel the Venetians 

 from the strongholds which remained to them on the 

 island; and, before the expiration of the 17th cen- 

 tury, Garabusa fell into their power by treachery, and 

 Suda and Spinalonga by surrender. They managed 

 Candia in the usual manner. Tliree pachas, at Can- 

 dia, Canea, and Retimo, governed the island. On 

 account of die feuds of these pachas, the inhabitants 

 of the western mountains succeeded in forming a go- 

 vernment of their own, under Turkish protection! in 

 the agalic of Sphachia. As the compacts made wit h 

 them were not always observed, they were wont , in 

 such cases, to take up arms, were often defeated, but 

 never entirely subdued. The paclias having de- 

 manded hostages of them in 1821, they joined the 

 Greek insurgents. Even under the Venetian go\ ern- 

 ment, the Candiotes had the reputation of suffering 

 no infringement of their privileges, and would not 

 permit the Venetians to establish, as in the other dis- 

 tricts of Greece, a nobility, degli possidenti, by whose 

 means they might hold the other inhabitants under 

 the yoke of the podestas. Had the mountaineers been 

 armed, when the Turks made their first descent on 

 the island, it would prolably have been impossible 

 for the invaders to liave maintained themselves in 

 Candia. The Sphachiotes have played the same part 

 in Candia as the Mainotes in the Morea, excepting 

 that they have not escaped the tribute of the poll- 

 tax. The energy of the inhabitants seems to be now 

 relaxed. (See Greek Insurrection.) The historical 

 importance of ancient Crete, in a mythological point 

 of view, and as a seat of ancient civilization, is shown 

 by Hock's Krela (Gott., 1823). In 1817, F. W. Sie- 

 ber, a German physician, penetrated far into Crete 

 and made many observations on it, which had princi- 

 pally in view the improvement of natural history and 

 medical science. See his Reise nach der Insel Krela 

 Voyage to the Island of Crete (Leips. 1823), 2 vols. 

 with plates and a map. 



CANDIDATE (from the Latin candidatus, white- 

 robed, because, among the Romans, a man who soli 

 cited an office appeared in a shining white garment 

 toga Candida). The candidati of the Romans wore 

 no tunic ; either as a sign of humility, or in order to 

 show the wounds received on their breasts. The time 

 of their canvassing was two years, during which they 

 wore the toga Candida. In the first year, they de- 

 livered speeches to the people, or had them delivered 

 by others, with the consent of the magistrates. This 

 was called profiteri nomen suum, and the year, annits 

 professionis. After this year, they requested the ma- 

 gistrate to enter their names on the list of candidates 

 for the office sought for. An aspirant was seldom 

 refused permission to deliver his speeches; but he 

 was not yet necessarily treated as a candidate by the 

 magistrates, or proposed by them to the people on the 

 day of election. Before that was done, his life was 

 subjected to a scrutiny in the senate, after the pretor 

 or consul had received his name. If the senate ac- 

 cepted him, he was permitted to offer himself, on the 

 day of election, as a candidate. The formula, by 

 which permission was granted, was, rationem habebo, 

 renuntiabo ; if he was not accepted, he received the 

 answer rationem non habebo ; non renuntiabo. The 

 tribunes often opposed a candidate who had been 

 accepted by the senate. The morals of the aspirants, 

 in the purer ages of the republic, were always 

 severely examined. In the later period of the re- 

 public, nobody could obtain an office if he was not 

 present, and if he had not offered himself on three 

 market-days. (Sail. Cat. 18, Cic. Fam. xvi. 12.) 

 On these days, the candidates tried to insinuate 



