CANDIDE CANNING. 



19 



themselves into the favour of the people. They 

 went from house to house (ambiendo), shook hands 

 with every body whom they met (prensandd), ad- 

 dressed each one by his name, for which purpose 

 they generally had a nomenclator with them, who 

 whispered the names of those whom they met into 

 their ear. Cicero, therefore, calls the candidates 

 nutio ojficiosissima. They placed themselves, on 

 market-days, in elevated places, in order to be seen. 

 On the day of election, they did the same. Favour- 

 ites of the people accompanied them (deductores) ; 

 some of their suite (divisores) distributed money 

 among the people, wliich, though prohibited, was 

 done publicly. Interpretes were employed to bar- 

 gain with the people, and the money was deposited 

 in the hands of seguestres. Sometimes a number of 

 candidates united into parties (coitiones), in order to 

 defeat -the endeavours of the others. At last, the 

 grounds on which each candidate rested his claims 

 to the office were read, and the tribes delivered their 

 votes. The successful candidate then sacrificed to 

 the gods in the capitol. To oppose a candidate was 

 called ei refragari; to support him, suffragan, or 

 suffragatores esse. We have dwelt so long on this 

 subject, on account of the similarity between the 

 ancient and the modern modes of seeking office. 

 The word candidate is also used, by Protestants, to 

 designate a theologian, who, having finished his 

 studies at a university, is waiting for an appointment 

 in the church. 



CANDIDE ; the name of a famous tale of Vol- 

 taire's, forming an epoch in French literature, in 

 which he ridicules the system of optimism with his 

 usual spirit, and attacks revelation with plausible 

 but superficial arguments. Voltaire is unsurpassed 

 in the art of treating the most serious subjects with 

 light raillery, while he seduces the reader by the 

 charms of his style. Some descriptions in this tale, 

 for instance, that of the carnival at Venice, are 

 excellent. 



CANDLEMAS; a Catholic feast, instituted by 

 pope Gelasius I., in 492, in commemoration of the 

 presentation of Christ in the temple, and of the puri- 

 fication of Mary ; perhaps intended to take the place 

 of the rude heathen feast called the Lupercalia, 

 which was abolished by him. It is celebrated on 

 February 2, and has its name from the consecrated 

 torches which are carried about in procession, in 

 allusion to the words of Simeon, " a light to enlighten 

 the Gentiles." 



CANE. See Bamboo and Ratan. 



CANE A ; the principal port of Candia ; lat. 35 

 28' 45" N. ; Ion. 24 12' 45" E. ; supposed to be on 

 the site of the ancient Cydonia. Population, 7150. 

 The city has been fortified from the time of the Ve- 

 netian government. 



CANGE, DU. See Du Fresne. 



CANISIUS, PETRUS, born in 1524, at Nimeguen, 

 was the first man in Germany who entered the or- 

 der of the Jesuits, of which he became a very active 

 member. In 1549, he was made professor of theo- 

 logy, rector and vice-chancellor of the university at 

 Ingolstadt. He afterwards reformed the university 

 of V ienna, according to the views of the order. His 

 catechism is yet In use. He persuaded Ferdinand I. 

 to adopt violent measures against the Protestants, 

 and founded the colleges at Prague, Augsburg, Dill- 

 ingen, and Friburg, in Switzerland, in the latter of 

 which he died, in 1597. 



CANNAE ; a city in the Neapolitan province Pug- 

 lia, at the mouth of the Aufidus, on the Adriatic, fa- 

 mous for the great battle in which the Romans were 

 here defeated by Hannibal (216 B. C.). The consuls 

 jEmilius Paulus and Terentius Varro contented them- 

 selves with acting on the defensive against the Car- 



thaginian general, who endeavoured to decide the 

 fete of Rome by one blow ; but the senate, consider 

 ing that the Roman army consisted of 87,000 men, 

 while tliat of the enemy amounted only to 50,000, 

 among whom were 10,000 horse, and would have no 

 point of support when beaten, commanded the con- 

 suls to give battle. Hannibal, seeing that their plan 

 was changed, allowed Varro to gain a slight advan- 

 tage in a skirmish of cavalry. The Romans left their 

 strong position at Canusium, on the banks of tht 

 Aufidus, and the whole army crossed the river. The 

 consul Varro drew up his troops on the plain, with 

 his right wing protected by the river. At the same 

 time, Hannibal forded the Aufidus, and led his small 

 army to the attack. The Romans had their own 

 cavalry on the right wing, that of their allies on the 

 left, and the. infantry, as usual, in the centre. Han- 

 nibal opposed the Numidian cavalry to that of the 

 Roman allies, and that of the Spaniards and Gauls to 

 the Roman. His infantry from Africa he divided 

 into two bodies, each of them near the cavalry. At 

 some distance from both wings, the Spaniards and 

 Gauls, on foot, arranged in an obtuse angle, occupied 

 the centre. Behind them was a strong reserve. 

 Hannibal himself commanded the centre. He had 

 calculated that the wind called Folturnus, which blew 

 regularly at certain hours in that country /would, at the 

 time of attack, throw dust and sand in the eyes of the 

 Romans, and hide his own evolutions. The consul, 

 ^Emilius Paulus, was wounded by a Balearian slinger, 

 soon after the light troops had begun the engage- 

 ment. The first shock of the Roman cavalry upon 

 the Spaniards and Gauls was violent. After the fight 

 had lasted for a long time, they alighted, and fought 

 on foot. The Gauls and Spaniards then broke through 

 the dismounted Romans, and cut them down. The 

 Roman infantry, to assist their horse, moved in a 

 curved line towards the wing, under very disadvan- 

 tageous circumstances, and attacked the Spanish and 

 Gallic infantry, which retired in good order into the 

 intervals, as Hannibal had commanded. By this 

 means, Hannibal was enabled to attack the Romans 

 in flank, as they advanced incautiously, with the 

 African infantry, which he had kept back for this 

 purpose. Thus surrounded, and contracted into a 

 small compass, the Romans fell in great numbers, 

 among them the consul, ^Emilius Paulus, and both 

 the proconsuls, Servilius and Atilius. The Numidian 

 horse destroyed those who fled from the field of bat- 

 tle. The victor made 13,000 prisoners. The Romans 

 lost, according to their own lowest statements, 45,000 

 men ; accordi ng to the highest, 70,000. Hannibal 

 collected the gold rings 01 the knights who had fal- 

 len, and sent some bushels thereof to Carthage. But 

 the victory had also weakened his own army. He 

 was in want of money to recruit his troops. This 

 want, rather than the short period of luxurious liv- 

 ing in winter -quarters at Capua, obliged him, at 

 length, to give up the hope of conquering Italy, after 

 a war of 17 campaigns. See Hannibal. 



CANNES, or CANES ; a small seaport of France, 

 on the shore of the Mediterranean, in the department 

 of the Var ; population, about 2800. Cannes is fa- 

 mous as the place where the memorable march of 

 Napoleon through France began, when he returned 

 from Elba. He landed here March 1, 1815. 



CANNIBALS. See Anthropophagi and Caribs. 



CANNING, GEORGE, a distinguished political ad- 

 venturer, was born in London, April 11, 1770. His 

 father, a man of considerable abilities and literary 

 cultivation, had offended his family by marrying a 

 lady of beauty and accomplishments, but without 

 fortune, and died in 1771, leaving his widow desti- 

 tute. She had recourse to the stage for support, but 

 was not very successful, and was afterwards twice 



