CANSTEIN CANTERBURY. 



27 



clpal figure of which represents Religion victorious. 

 It was intended to be placed in Rome, as a monu- 

 ment commemorative of late events, the expense to 

 be defrayed by a subscription in England. Canova 

 was also an agreeable painter, but, strangely enough, 

 more of a colourist than a correct designer. (See the 

 Life of Canova, by Missinini ; 4 vols., Prato, 1824 ; 

 also, the Biografia, by the count Cicognara ; Venice, 

 1823). Engraved representations 01 all his works 

 have appeared hi Italy and at Paris. 



CANSTEIN (CHARLES HILDEBRAND, VON), founder 

 of a famous establishment for printing Bibles, which 

 goes under his name, was bom in 1667, at Linden- 

 berg, iii Germany, studied at Frankfort on the Oder, 

 travelled much in Europe, went, in 1688, to Berlin, 

 where he was appointed page of the elector of Bran- 

 denburg, and served as a volunteer in the Nether- 

 lands. A dangerous sickness obliged him to leave 

 the military service. He went to Halle, where he 

 became familiarly acquainted with Spencer. His 

 wish to spread the Bible among the poor led him to 

 form the idea of printing it with stereotype plates. 

 Thus originated the famous institution, called, in 

 German, Die Cansteinsche Bibelansta.lt, of which we 

 shall speak more in the article Franke. Canstein 

 published some works, wrote the life of Spencer, and 

 died in 1719, in Halle, leaving to the great orphan 

 asylum his library and a part of his fortune. 



CANT TIMBERS, in ship-building ; those timbers 

 which are situated at the two ends of a ship. They 

 derive their name from being canted, or raised ob- 

 liquely from the keel, in contradistinction from those 

 the planes of which are perpendicular to it. 



CANTABILE ; a term applied to movements in- 

 tended to be performed in a graceful, elegant, and 

 melodious style. 



CANTABRI ; the rudest and most valiant of all 

 the Iberian tribes, who dwelt in the ancient Hispania 

 Tarraconensis , and inhabited the greater part of 

 what is now La Montana, and the north-west part of 

 the present province Burgos. In ancient history, 

 Cantabri is generally used to denote all the inhabit- 

 ants of the northern mountains of Spain. Cantabria 

 is the name which was given to the country they in- 

 habited. Oceanus Cantabricus is the ancient name 

 of the Bay of Biscay. 



CANTACUZENUS, JOHN, a Byzantine emperor 

 and historian, was born in 1295. While minister of 

 Andronicus III., he negotiated a favourable peace 

 with the Genoese in 1336, and repelled the encroach- 

 ments of the Turks in 1337. On the death of An- 

 dronicus in 1341, Cantacuzenus became regent dur- 

 ing the minority of the young emperor, John Palaso- 

 logus. He defeated the Bulgarians and Turks, as- 

 sumed the diadem, and entered Constantinople, vic- 

 torious over his rivals, in 1346. He used his power 

 with moderation, and endeavoured to heal the wounds 

 which five years of civil war had inflicted on the 

 state; but religious disputes, civil dissensions, and 

 foreign enemies, soon disturbed his government ; and 

 the jealousy of Pabeologus, the rebellion of his own 

 son, war, plague, the frightful disorders which pre- 

 vailed in the empire, and his own loss of popular fa- 

 vour, induced him to renounce the crown. He re- 

 tired to a monastery (1355), where he employed him- 

 self in literary labours. He is considered one of the 

 greatest among the successors of Constantine. His 

 Four Books of Byzantine History were printed in 

 1645 (Paris, 3 vols. folio), and belong to the collec- 

 tion of the Byzantine historians. His other works, 

 principally theological, are partly printed and partly 

 in manuscript. 



CANTAL ; a chain of mountains hi Upper Au- 

 vcrgne, France, the highest peak of which, called le 



plomb de Cantal, is said to be nearly 6000 feet above 

 the level of the sea. They give name to a depart- 

 ment. See Department. 



CANTATA ; an elegant and passionate species 

 of vocal composition, consisting of an intermixture of 

 air and recitative. It was invented by Barbara 

 Strozzi, a Venetian lady, who flourished about the 

 middle of the 17th century, and was at one time ex- 

 tended to such length as to form a little opera, but 

 has since been cultivated in Italy, Germany, and 

 England, only as chamber music. 



CANTEEN (from the French cantine, Spanish can- 

 Una} signifies both a bottle-case and a tavern for sol- 

 diers. In military language, it denotes a little cof- 

 fer divided into minute partitions for holding an offi- 

 cer's eating utensils ; likewise, a semi-cylindric tin 

 case, carried over a soldier's knapsack, to hold his 

 cooked victuals hi ; also a vessel to hold the ration 

 of spirits or wine served out to the British troops 

 when employed abroad. Canteen, moreover, signi- 

 fies a public-house, licensed in British barracks or 

 forts, to sell liquors and tobacco to the soldiers. 



CANTEMIR, DEMETRIUS, was born hi Moldavia, 

 hi 1673. At the age of fifteen, he was sent as a 

 hostage to Constantinople, where he remained four 

 years. He served his first campaign in 1692, under 

 his father, upon whose death, in the succeeding year, 

 he was chosen prince of Moldavia, at the age of 

 twenty. This choice was not confirmed by the Porte, 

 and he was ordered to reside at Constantinople, 

 where his abilities soon gamed him the favour of the 

 government ; and he was twice nominated hospodar 

 of Moldavia. He successfully used his influence to 

 transfer that dignity to his brother. He was appoint- 

 ed the third time, in 1710, with the promise of the 

 annexation of Wallachia, and exemption from tri- 

 bute. Notwithstanding this promise, as soon as he 

 was invested with his office, he was called upon for 

 the amount usually paid on such occasions. He en- 

 tered, therefore, into a treaty with the czar Peter, by 

 the terms of which the principality was to be heredi- 

 tary in the family of Cantemir, under the protection 

 of the czar, whom Cantemir was to assist in his war 

 with Turkey. The czar, however, being abandoned 

 by the Poles and betrayed by the Moldavians, was 

 obliged to retire, and Cantemir took refuge hi his 

 dominions, with the rank of prince of the Russian 

 empire. He died at Astracan, hi 1723. Cantemir 

 spoke eight languages, and understood the ancient 

 Greek, French, and Sclavonian. He was a member 

 of the academy of Berlin. His principal work is 

 called History of the Growth and Decay of the Otto- 

 man Empire (in Latin). It has been translated into 

 English (London, 1734, 2 vols., folio), French, and 

 German. He is the author, likewise, of the Present 

 State of Moldavia (in Latin), and the System of the 

 Mohammedan Religion, which have both been pub- 

 lished. His other works are in MS. 



CANTERBURY, the capital of the county of 

 Kent, is situated 55 miles S.E. from London. It is 

 supposed to have been a place of importance before 

 the Roman invasion, the Roman name Durovernum 

 being clearly latinized from the British prefix Dwr, 

 water, although antiquaries much differ as to the re- 

 mainder of the compound. Druidical remains have 

 also been often found here, together with the British 

 weapons termed Celts. Its importance under the 

 Roman dominion is proved by many circumstances ; 

 and especially by the discovery of a great variety of 

 remains of that people; added to which, Roman 

 bricks have been found in certain portions of the re- 

 maining walls. It derives its present name from the 

 Saxon appellation of Cant^ivara-byrg , the Kentish- 

 man's city. During the residence of Ethelbert, kinp, 



