CARDIFF CARDINAL. 



to the iioiuber of more tlian fifty, are contained in 

 the edition of Lyons, 1663, in ten vols., folio. 



CARDIFF, or CAERDIFF, a town in Glamor- 

 ganshire, South Wales, situated upon the banks of 

 the river Taff. It is irregularly built, is a busy trad- 

 ing-place, and the capital of the county. Caerdiff, 

 meaning the fortress on the Taff, is said to owe its 

 origin to Jestyn ap Gwrgan, who built the town out 

 of the ruins of the adjacent Unman station at Roath, 

 in the year 1080. Robert Fitzhamon, a kinsman of 

 William the conqueror, first resided here in the year 

 1091, and is supposed to have erected the castle in 

 the year 1110. In a dungeon, near the entrance to 

 this strong-hold, Robert, duke of Normandy, was 

 confined by his brother, Henry I., for twenty-six 

 years, having been previously deprived of his sight 

 by that unnatural usurper. During Cromwell's 

 wars, Cardiff castle was bombarded for three succes- 

 sive days, and only yielded at last from the treachery 

 of a deserter. Population in 1831, 6187. 



CARDIGAN, a maritime county of Wales. The 

 surface of the northern and eastern parts is moun- 

 tainous, but interspersed with fertile valleys ; while 

 the southern and western districts are more level, 

 and produce abundance of corn. The soil in the 

 vales is chiefly peat, capable of growing either grain 

 or grass, by the application of lime : the higher 

 grounds consist of a light sandy loam, and the 

 mountains are composed chiefly of clay-slate. The 

 agricultural produce of this county is comparative- 

 ly small ; black-cattle, sheep, and wool, are the 

 staple commodities ; but corn is sometimes procured 

 by importation from other counties. Few counties 

 of England or Wales are richer in mineral treasures, 

 and few or none also derive so little benefit from the 

 possession. Silver, lead, and copper, have been 

 found here for centuries back. Sir Hugh Middleton 

 acquired the fortune which he expended in conduct- 

 ing the new river to London, in the silver and lead 

 mines of Cwmsymlog ; but this, as well as thirty-fiv^ 

 mines of copper, lead, and silver, all contained in the 

 hills of this county, and worked successively at vari- 

 ous times, is now totally abandoned. Perhaps the 

 want of coal in the vicinity, may be the occasion of 

 the discontinuance of some works, as it renders the 

 produce of others necessary to be exported to the 

 smelting-furnaces of Swansea and of Bristol. The 

 principal towns are, the borough and county-town of 

 Cardigan, Lampeter, Aberystwith, Tregarron, and 

 part of Newcastle-in-Emlyn. There are no manu- 

 factories conducted here. Population of the county 

 in 1831, 64,780 ; of the borough and parish, 2795. 



CARDINAL ; a clergyman of the Catholic church, 

 who has a right to a vote in the choice of the pope. 

 The cardinals are next in dignity to the pope, enjoy 

 the rank of princes, and, since 1631, have borne the 

 title of eminence. The origin of the dignity of car- 

 dinals is uncertain. The name is derived from car- 

 diiialis (distinguished). The same name was given, 

 under the emperor Theodosius, to the highest civil 

 officers in the state. Till the eleventh century, the 

 title of cardinal was common to all clergymen who 

 actually officiated in any church. From this time 

 the popes, having grown powerful, formed a college, 

 a secret council of ecclesiastics of high rank, to 

 whom, alone, the title of cardinal was soon reserved, 

 by way of eminence ; and, under Alexander III., in 

 1160, they obtained the exclusive right of choosing 

 the pope, with much opposition, however, on the 

 part of the other Roman clergy, and much scandal. 

 Innocent IV. (12431254) gave them a rank above 

 the bishops, together with the red hat, and Boni- 

 face VIII. assigned to them the princely mantle. 

 Urban VIII. gave them the title eminence, instead 

 of lustrissitni, which they had enjoyed till then. 



With the pope, they form the sacred college, anil 

 are divided into three ranks fourteen cardinal-dea- 

 cons, fifty cardinal-priests, and six cardinal-bishops, 

 who take their names from the ancient bishoprics, 

 Ostia (to which is added tliat of St Rufin), Porto, Sa- 

 bina, Palestrina, Frascati, and Alba. In 1526, their 

 manlier was fixed at seventy by Sixtus V.; but it is 

 by no means necessary that this number should be 

 always full, and, in modern times, it has generally 

 not been so. The number of bishops only is always 

 complete. The choice of the cardinals dejieniU 

 solely on the pope. He causes the names of those 

 appointed to be read in the consistory, with the for- 

 mula "Fratres habebitis " (Ye shall receive as breth- 

 ren, &c.). The red cardinal's hat is sent to those 

 elected, to inform them of their election. Their 

 dress consists of a surplice, with a short purple man- 

 tle, and a small cap, over which they wear a liat, 

 with silk strings and tassels at the end. The colour 

 is either red or violet. The prerogatives of cardi- 

 nals, in different countries, are different. (For those 

 which they enjoy in France, see the article Cardinal 

 in the Dictionnaire de TAeologie, Toulouse, 1817). 

 The king of France gives a cardinal the title of cou- 

 sin. A cardinal, sent to a prince in a diplomatic 

 character from the pope, is called legatus a latere or 

 de latere. A province, the governor of which is a 

 cardinal, takes the title of a legation. The income 

 of the cardinals is, at present, not large, and, com- 

 pared to that of some of the rich clergy in England, 

 is small. The importance and authority of the cardi- 

 nals has, of course, sunk very much in modern 

 times, like those of the other dignitaries of the 

 Catholic church, the pope himself included. For- 

 merly, they preceded the princes of the blood, sat at 

 the right of kings, on, or near the throne, and were 

 considered equal to kings hi rank. For the manner 

 hi which they choose the pope, see Conclave. 



CARDINAL POINTS ; the four intersections of 

 the horizon with the meridian and the prime vertical 

 circle. They coincide with the four cardinal regions 

 of the heavens, and are, of course, 90 distant from 

 each other. The intermediate points are called 

 collateral points. 



CARDINAL VIRTUES, or principal virtues, in 

 morals ; a name applied to those virtues to which 

 all the rest are subordinate, or which comprehend 

 all the others. The distribution of the virtues, which 

 lies at the foundation of this notion, had its origin in 

 the old Grecian philosophy ; and the same number 

 is found here as in the elements of nature. These 

 principal virtues, as enumerated by Plato, are, pru- 

 dence, temperance, fortitude, and justice. The three 

 first seem to relate to the duties of man towards him- 

 self, and to correspond with the triple division of the 

 soul into the intellectual, the irrational (the seat of 

 the sensual desires), and the seat of the affections, 

 which connects the two first. Justice either relates 

 to our duties to others (God and men), or is the un- 

 ion of the three first virtues. This division appears 

 to be peculiar to the old Pythagoreans. Aristotle 

 divided them still further. The Stoics, too, made 

 the same division in their system of morals, and Ci- 

 cero introduced it into his Offices. Plotinus and 

 many New-Platonists divide the virtues into four 

 classes civil or political, philosophical or purifying, 

 religious, and, lastly, divine or pattern virtues : a di- 

 vision coinciding with the rest of his philosophical 

 views. The influence of the ancient philosophers 

 has made the preceding cardinal virtues also a part 

 of the Christian code. Some add to them the three 

 Christian virtues, so called &ith, charity, and hope 

 and call the former philosophical. The imagina- 

 tion of artists has represented the cardinal virtues 

 under sensible images. In modern times, this divi- 



