CARLISLE CARLOS. 



55 



c'irrent in Paris. The melancholy temper of his 

 latter years formed a remarkable contrast with his 

 mirth on the stage. He was the author of a piece 

 in five acts, Les nouvelles Metamorphoses d'Arleauin, 

 1763. 



CARLISLE; a city of England, and capital of 

 Cumberland, situated 301 miles N. N. W. from Lon- 

 don, and 96 S. from Edinburgh. It occupies a gentle 

 eminence at the confluence of the Eden and the C al- 

 der, a short distance S. E. of the point where the great 

 Roman wall crossed the former river. It was called 

 by the Romans and Britons Luguvallum, contracted 

 by the Saxon to Luel, and added to the word Caer, 

 city ; whence, by easy corruption, the modern name 

 of Carlisle, signifying the city near the wall. Being 

 a frontier-town, it was strongly fortified with walls, 

 citadel, and a castle, under both Saxons and Nor- 

 mans. The former are said to have been first built 

 by Egfrid, king of Northumberland, in the seventh 

 century. They had three gates, named English, 

 Irish, and Scottish gates, and enclosed a triangular 

 site. The west wall was 1000 yards in length, the 

 eastern wall 460 yards, and the northern wall 650 

 yards. In the various improvements of the city, all 

 these walls, gates, and fortifications, have been re- 

 moved, except a portion of the west wall, and the 

 castle, which was erected by William Rufus, on the 

 corner of a bold eminence overlooking the river 

 Eden. The latter is still kept in repair, and main- 

 tained as a garrison, with a governor, lieutenant- 

 governor, store-keeper, and other stationary officers. 

 Carlisle is highly celebrated hi border history and in 

 'the wars between England and Scotland. It was de- 

 stroyed by the Danes in 875 ; from which time it lay 

 in a state of desolation until fortified and improved by 

 William Rufus. David, king of Scotland, died here 

 in. 1153, after his retreat from the fatal battle of the 

 Standard, and, in 1216, it was taken by Alexander, 

 king of Scotland. It was subsequently repeatedly 

 besieged by the Scots, but could not be taken again, 

 until 1645, when a party of the Scottish army on the 

 side of Parliament starved it into a surrender. It was, 

 in 1648, surprised and captured by Sir Philip Mus- 

 grave, a royalist, but ultimately yielded to the skill 

 and fortune of Cromwell. In 1745 it made little 

 more than a nominal resistance to the Scottish army, 

 under Charles Edward, to whom the mayor and alder- 

 men delivered the keys of the city on their knees. 

 The officers of the garrison, on this occasion, were 

 most of them afterwards executed for high treason. 

 Carlisle has received the peaceable as well as war- 

 like visits of many English and Scottish sovereigns ; 

 among whom was Mary Queen of Scots, whose Eng- 

 lish imprisonment commenced here. The port of 

 Carlisle extends from the Sark, which divides C um- 

 ber laud from Scotland, to Bank End nearMarypool. 

 Large vessels cannot discharge their cargoes nearer 

 than Fisher's Cross, a distance of twelve miles ; but 

 the ship-canal, complete?! in 1823, and extending 

 from Carlisle to Solway Firth, affords a communica- 

 tion with the western ocean for vessels of from sixty 

 to eighty tons, and is likely in the sequel to contri- 

 bute greatly to the wealth and prosperity of the city. 

 The trade is chiefly of a coasting description, the fo- 

 reign commerce being confined to Whitehaven. Here 

 is a custom-house. The principal manufactures in 

 Carlisle are cotton-yarn, cotton and linen checks, 

 grey cottons, osnaburgs, coarse linen, drills, pocket- 

 ing, worsted shag, silk and cotton fancy pieces, 

 stamped cottons, hats, chamois and tanned leather, 

 linseys, nails, coarse knives, stockings, dressed flax, 

 soap, candles, nankeens, and ropes. Population in 

 1831, 20,006. 



CARLISLE ; a post-town and capital of Cumber- 

 land county, Pennsylvania, 114 miles W. Philadel- 



phia. Population in 1820, 2908. Dickinson college 

 was founded in this town, in 1783, and continued a 

 respectable and flourishing institution till about 1816, 

 when its operations were suspended. It has been 

 reorganized, and its operations were resumed in Jan- 

 uary, 1822. The principal officers are a president 

 and three professors. There is a grammar-school 

 connected with the college. In the United States 

 and in Canada there are several other places called 

 Carlisle. 



CARLOS, DON; infante of Spain; son of Philip 

 II. and Maria of Portugal ; born at Valladolid, 1545. 

 His mother died four days after his birth. He him- 

 self was sickly ; and one of his legs was shorter than 

 the other. The extreme indulgence with which he 

 was educated by Joan, sister of the king, confirmed 

 his violent, obstinate, and vindictive disposition. In 

 1560 Philip caused him to be acknowledged heir of 

 the throne by the estates assembled at Toledo, and, 

 in 1562, he sent him to the university of Alcala de 

 Henarez, in hopes that the study of the sciences 

 would soften his turbulent character. An unlucky 

 fall threw him into a burning fever, and the physi- 

 cians lost all hopes of his recovery. The king imme- 

 diately hastened to his son, and, as it was recollected 

 that the prince had a very great veneration for St 

 Didacius, who was not yet canonized, Philip com- 

 manded the corpse of the saint to be brought in a 

 procession. It was laid upon the bed of the sick 

 prince, and his hot face covered with the cold shroud. 

 He fell asleep : when he awoke the fever had left 

 him: he demanded food, and recovered. All be- 

 lieved a miracle had been wrought, and Philip re- 

 quested the canonization of Didacius. Contemporary 

 historians differ in the description of the prince. Ac- 

 cording to some, he had a thirst for glory, an elevated 

 courage, pride, and a love of power. According to 

 others, he was fond of whatever was strange and un- 

 common ; an accident or opposition irritated him to 

 frenzy ; address and submission softened him. He is 

 also represented as a favourer of the insurgents in 

 the Netherlands, and, in particular, as an enemy of 

 the inquisition ; yet he possessed neither knowledge 

 nor principles, nor even sufficient understanding to 

 be capable of liberal views. With him all was pas- 

 sionate excitement, which resistance converted into 

 fury. Llorente has corrected the accounts of the 

 character and fate of this prince, from authentic 

 souXces,in his work on the Spanish Inquisition (q.v.). 

 According to him, don Carlos was arrogant, brutal, 

 ignorant, and ill-educated. Thus much is certain, 

 that, at the congress of chateau Cambresis (1559), the 

 marriage of don Carlos with Elizabeth, daughter of 

 Henry II. of France, was proposed ; but Philip, be- 

 ing left a widower by the death of Mary of England, 

 took the place of his son. Don Carlos is said to 

 liave loved Elizabeth, and to have never forgiven his 

 father for having deprived him of her. Llorente 

 proves, however, that don Carlos never had fallen in 

 love with the queen, and that she was never too in- 

 timate with him. In 1563, Philip, who had no other 

 heir than don Carlos, considering him unfit for the 

 throne, sent for his nephews, the archdukes Rodolph 

 and Ernestus, to secure to them the succession to his 

 dominions. Don Carlos, who lived in continual mis- 

 understanding with his father, resolved, in 1565, to 

 leave Spain, and was on the point of embarking, 

 when Ruy Gomez de Silva, a confidant both of Philip 

 and Carlos, dissuaded him from his resolution. In 

 1567, when the rebellion in the Low Countries dis- 

 quieted Philip, don Carlos wrote to several grandees 

 of the kingdom, that he had the intention ofgoing to 

 Germany. He disclosed his plan to his uncle, don 

 Juan of Austria, who mildly dissuaded him from it, 

 i and represented to him, that most of the grandees to 



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