58 



CARMAGNOLE CARNATIC. 



Whilst Luther was at Wartburff, Carlstadt's zeal 

 urged him to acts of violence. He even instigated 

 the people and students to the destruction of the 

 altars and the images of the saints, greatly to the dis- 

 pleasure of Luther, who lost the friendship of Carls- 

 stadt by his opposition to his outrages. In 1524, he 

 declared himself publicly the opponent of Luther, who 

 had preached at Jena against the disturbances which 

 lie had excited, so that the elector Frederic banished 

 him from the country in September, 1524. Carlstadt, 

 upon tliis, commenced the controversy respecting the 

 sacrament, denying, in opposition to Luther, the bo- 

 dily presence of Christ in the sacrament. This con- 

 troversy was carried on with the bitterest animosity ; 

 and, Zwinglius having declared himself in favour of 

 Carlstadt's doctrine, a dispute commenced between 

 the Swiss and Wittenberg theologians, which ended 

 in the separation of the CalviniSts and Lutherans. 

 Carlstadt, in the mean time, being suspected, not 

 without reason, of having taken part in the revolt of 

 the peasants in Franconia, was obliged to wander 

 tlirough Germany, and, being ultimately reduced to 

 extreme distress, sought relief of Luther, who pro- 

 cured him an asylum at Kemberg, on condition that 

 lie should refrain from the expression of his opinions. 

 Here he lived nearly tliree years. His restless mind, 

 however, soon led liim to break his promise, by the 

 publication of some writings in 1582 ; and he even 

 went so far as to plot against Luther's person. To 

 escape from the consequences of his conduct, he re- 

 paired to Switzerland, at the end of the same year, 

 where he was appointed vicar of Alstadt, in the val- 

 ley of die Rhine ; in 1530, deacon at Zurich ; and, in 

 1531, vicar and professor of theology at Basle, where 

 he died in 1541 or 1543. 



CARMAGNOLE ; a name applied, in the early 

 times of the French republic, to a dance, and a song 

 connected with it. The appellation originated, pro- 

 bably, from the city of Carmagnola, in Piedmont. 

 The dance was first used at the time of the indigna- 

 tion of the people on account of the veto allowed to 

 the king on the resolves of the national assembly. 

 The carmagnole was commonly sung and danced at 

 popular festivals, executions, and irruptions of popu- 

 lar discontent. Afterwards, the name was also ap- 

 plied to the national guards, who wore a dress of a 

 peculiar cut, and to the enthusiastic supporters of the 

 revolution. Several members of the national con- 

 vention, Barrere, for instance, by way of jest, gave 

 this name to their communications to the assembly. 

 Petite carmagnoles is a name given, by the people 

 in Paris, to boys who sweep chimneys and black 

 boots, chiefly Savoyards ; probably taken from the 

 name of the city before mentioned. 



CARMARTHEN. See Caermarthen. 



CARMEL ; a mountain hi Palestine, constituting 

 part of Lebanon, on the southern frontier of Galilee, 

 in the pachalic of Acca. It consists of several rich, 

 woody heights, separated by fertile and habitable 

 valleys, within a circuit of about twenty-eight miles, 

 and terminates, at the mouth of the Kischen, hi a 

 lovely plain, which forms the southern coast of the 

 gulf of Ptolemais or Acca, on the Mediterranean. 

 Upon different parts of this mountain there are ruins 

 of churches and monasteries from the tune of the 

 Christian kingdom of Jerusalem, and the cave which, 

 according to tradition, was inhabited by the prophet 

 Elias. From the 4th century, Christian hermits have 

 chosen mount Carmel for their abode. It was not, 

 however, till about the middle of the 12th century 

 that pilgrims, under the direction of Berthold of Ca- 

 labria, established an association for the purpose of 

 leading a secluded life upon this mountain, which re- 

 ceivedits rules from Albert, the patriarch of Jerusa- 

 lem, in 1209. and the papal confirmation from Hono- 



rius III., in 1224. Their rules coincide nearly with 

 those of the ancient Basilians. This is the origin of 

 the order of Our Lady of mount Carmel. The Car- 

 melites enumerate among their members all the pro- 

 phets and holy men mentioned in the Scriptures, 

 from Elias to Jesus ; also Pythagoras, the Gallic 

 Druids, the holy women of the New Testament, and 

 the hermits of Christian antiquity. Christ they con- 

 sider as their particular protector, and his apostles as 

 missionaries from mount Carmel. The Jesuit Pape- 

 broch has shown how utterly unfounded their preten- 

 sions are, and no well-informed man believes their 

 account of their origin. Yet they were allowed, as 

 late as in the 18th century, by Benedict III., to erect, 

 the statue of the prophet Elias, as the founder of 

 their order, in St Peter's church in Rome. Being 

 driven by the Saracens to Europe, they adopted, in 

 1247, a milder rule, and the forms of monastic life. 

 They also became divided into four independent bo- 

 dies : 1. The observantes, who wore shoes ; 2. The 

 congregation of Mantua ; 3. The bare-footed friars, 

 and bare-footed or Theresian nuns, in Spain ; 4. The 

 bare-footed friars in Italy. The two latter classes 

 observe the elder and stricter rule. The knightly 

 order of Our Lady of mount Carmel, established by 

 Henry IV. in France, is connected with the Carmel- 

 ites only by the name. As their mode of life pre- 

 cludes all useful exertion, governments, in modern 

 times, have taken measures to prevent the extension 

 of their order, and the admission of novices has been 

 forbidden except in Spain, Portugal, and America. 

 In Paris, a nunnery of this order was established in 

 1817, under the royal protection. 



CARMER (JOHN HENRY CASIMIR), count of; high 

 chancellor and minister of justice in Prussia. He ren- 

 dered the greatest .service to Prussian jurisprudence 

 by the assistance which he afforded in the prepara- 

 tion of the Prussian code, and still more by the im- 

 provements which he introduced into the civil pro- 

 cess of that country. (See Prussian Code.) He was 

 born in 1721, entered the Prussian service early, and 

 was soon noticed by Frederic the Great. After fifty 

 years' service, he retired from official life, and died 

 in 1810, near Glogau, in Silesia. 



CARMINE, the most splendid of all the red co- 

 lours, is made from the cochineal insect, or coccus 

 cacti. It is deposited from a decoction of powdered 

 cochineal in water, to which alum, carbonate of so- 

 da, or oxyde of tin is added. As the beauty of this 

 valuable colour is affected, not only by the mode of 

 applying it, but also by the quantity of the ingredi- 

 ents mixed with it, we find various recipes for the 

 preparation of it. The manufactories which prepare 

 the best carmine carefully conceal- the method. The 

 best natural cochineal is found in Mexico. 



CARMONTELLE, a French poet, known by his 

 Proverbes dramatiques (10 vols.), born in 1717, at 

 Paris, died there 1806. These little pieces are with- 

 out much connexion hi themselves, being, in fact, 

 only a series of dramatic scenes, but are well adapted 

 for private theatres. The fertility of Cannontelle 

 was as extraordinary as his ease in writing. He is 

 said to have left, besides his printed works and his 

 pieces for the theatre, more than a hundred volumes 

 of manuscripts. 



CARNATIC ; a country in Hindostan, lying along 

 the coast of Coromandel, from cape Comorin, in lat. 

 8, to 16 N. ; 500 miles in length, and from 40 to 

 100 in breadth. The Carnatic or Carnada, anciently 

 called Narasinha, hi early periods, was subject to the 

 king of Bisnagar. Since the year 1787, the whole 

 country has been under the authority or absolute 

 control of the English East India Company. The soil is 

 generally sandy, and the climate is one of the hottest 

 in India. The country of Ongole, Mudura, and Tine- 



