

CAROLINA. 



61 



generally admired. His translation of the ^Eneid, in 

 blank verse, is excellent. After his death appeared 

 a translation by him of Longus, and of Aristotle's 

 Rhetoric ; also Rime and Lettere, the former of which 

 are admired for the elegance of the verse, and the 

 latter as models of beautiful Italian prose. He be- 

 longs to the most elegant writers of Italian litera- 

 ture. 



CAROLINA. This name is generally given to a 

 famous law of the German empire, of the year 1532, 

 under Charles V., which he called himself an ordi- 

 nance of criminal procedure (Peinliche Gerichtsord- 

 rning). From him it was, at a later period, called 

 Constitutio criminalis Carolina, or, shortly, Carolina. 

 The arbitrary administration of justice, the disorder 

 and cruelty which had become customary in the 

 courts of Germany, where many a process was begun 

 and ended with the torture, and persons were sen- 

 tenced even to death without regular process, gave 

 occasion to this law. From the beginning of the 

 peace of the land the necessity of such a law was felt 

 throughout the country ; but it was difficult in this, 

 as in all other cases, to make the different members 

 of the empire agree on one general measure. The 

 baron John von Schwarzenberg, a man of talent and 

 a patron of science (of the family of the present prin- 

 ces of Schwarzenberg), was chiefly instrumental in 

 introducing this ordinance. He was born in 1463, 

 became minister of state of the prince-bishop of Barn- 

 berg, and succeeded in procuring an ordinance of 

 criminal procedure for Bamberg to be drawn up and 

 published in 1507. The same was also adopted, in 

 1510, by the margrave of Brandenburg and Franco- 

 nia ; and, at last, a law of criminal procedure for the 

 empire at large was passed by the diet at Regens- 

 burg, in 1532, which, for that time, was a very great 

 step, and had a salutary influence. Several German 

 princes, as the elector of Saxony, the elector of 

 Brandenburg, and of the palatinate, protested against 

 it, in order to protect the laws of then- states and 

 their own privileges against the legislative power of 

 the emperor ; but at last the Carolina was established 

 in almost every part of the empire. See Malblank's 

 Geschichte der peinlichen Gerichtsordnung Kaiser 

 Karls V., 1783. 



CAROLINA MARIA; wife of Ferdinand I., 

 king of the Two Sicilies, daughter of the emperor 

 Francis I., and of Maria Theresa, born 13th August, 

 1752 ; an ambitious and intelligent woman, but, un- 

 fortunately, without firmness of character. Accord- 

 ing to the terms of her marriage contract, the young 

 queen, after the birth of a male heir, was to have a 

 seat in the council of state ; but her impatience to 

 participate in the government would not allow her 

 to wait for this event, previous to which she procured 

 the removal of the old minister, Tanucci, who pos- 

 sessed the confidence of the king and of the nation, 

 and raised a Frenchman, named Acton, to the post 

 of prime minister, who ruined the finances of the state 

 by his profusion, and excited the hatred of all rank 

 by the introduction of a political inquisition. The 

 queen, too, drew upon herself the dislike of the op- 

 pressed nation, by co-operating in the measures oi 

 the minister ; and banishments and executions were 

 found insufficient to repress the general excitement. 

 The declaration of war by Naples against France 

 (1798) was intended to give another turn to the pop- 

 ular feeling ; but the sudden invasion of the French 

 drove the reigning family to Sicily. The revolution 

 of cardinal Ruffo in Calabria, and the republican part] 

 in the capital, restored the former rulers in 1799 

 The famous lady Hamilton now exerted the greates 

 influence on the unhappy queen, on her husband, on 

 the English ambassador, and admiral Nelson, and sa 

 crificeu more victims than Acton and Vanini had for 



nerly done. (See Speziale.) After the battle of 

 vlarengo, 12,000 Russians could not prevent the 

 conquest of Naples by the French, and the formation 



a kingdom out of the Neapolitan dominions for 

 Joseph (Bonaparte), who was afterwards succeeded 

 in the same by Joachim (Murat). The queen was 

 not satisfied with the efforts which the English made 

 'or the restoration of the old dynasty, and thereupon 

 [uarrelled with lord Bentinck, the British general in 

 Sicily, who wished to exclude her from all influence 

 n the government. She died in 1814, without hav- 

 ing seen the restoration of her family to the throne 

 tNaples. 



CAROLINA, NORTH ; one of the United States ; 

 )ounded N. by Virginia, E. by the Atlantic, S. by 

 South Carolina, and W. by Tennessee ; Ion. 75 45 

 o 84 W. ; lat. 33 50" to 36 30' N. ; 430 miles 

 ong, and 180 broad. Square miles, 50,000. Popu- 

 ation hi 1790, 393,751 : in 1800, 478,103 : in 1810 

 555,500; 179,090 blacks. Population hi 1820, 

 638,829; whites, 419,200; white males, 209,644; 

 white females, 209,556; slaves, 205,017; free col- 

 oured, 14,912 : persons engaged hi agriculture, 

 174,196; in manufactures, 11,844; hi commerce, 

 2,551. Militia in 1817, 50,387. This state is di- 

 ided into sixty-three counties. There are no large 

 towns hi this state. Raleigh is the seat of govern- 

 ment. The other most considerable towns are New- 

 jern, Fayetteville, Wilmington, Edenton, Washing- 

 ;on, Hillsborough, Halifax, Tarborough, Salisbury 

 and Salem. The legislative power is vested in a 

 senate and house of commons, both chosen annually. 

 One senator and two members of the house of com 

 mons are sent from each county, and one of the lat- 

 ter from each of the towns of Newbern, Wilmington, 

 Edenton, Fayetteville, Halifax, Salisbury, and Hills- 

 jorough. The governor is chosen by joint ballot of 

 joth houses, and is eligible three years hi six. The 

 3rincipal denominations of Christians hi North C aro- 

 ma are Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Quak- 

 ers, Moravians, and Episcopalians. There is a re- 

 spectable institution, entitled the university of North 

 Carolina, at Chapel Hill. Academies are established 

 at various places, and an increasing attention has, of 

 [ate, been paid to education. The principal rivers 

 are the Roanoke, Chowan, Neuse, Pamlico or Tar, 

 cape Fear, Yadkin, and Catawba. Of these the cape 

 Fear affords the best navigation, and is ascended by 

 vessels of 300 tons to Wilmington, and by steam- 

 boats to Fayetteville. The two most considerable 

 sounds on the coast are those of Pamlico and Albe- 

 marle. Dismal swamp lies partly in North Carolina 

 and partly hi Virginia. Little Dismal, or Alligator 

 swamp, is between Pamlico and Albemarle sounds. 

 There are three noted capes on the coast, viz., cape 

 Hatteras, cape Lookout, and cape Fear, wlu'ch are 

 all dangerous to seamen. 



Norm Carolina, hi its whole width, for about sixty 

 miles from the sea, is generally a dead level, varied 

 only by occasional openings in the immense forest 

 with which it is covered. After traversing this te- 

 dious plain, we are at length relieved by the appear- 

 ance of hills and mountains, from the summits of 

 which we behold a beautiful country, which stretch- 

 es west far beyond the range of vision, and is adorned 

 with forests of lofty trees. In the level parts, the 

 soil, generally, is but indifferent. On the banks of 

 some of the rivers, however, and particularly the 

 Roanoke, it is remarkably fertile ; and in other parts 

 of this clmmpaign country, glades of rich swamp, 

 and ridges of oak land, of a black and fruitful soil, 

 form an exception to its general sterility. The sea 

 coasts, the sounds, inlets, and lower parts of the rivers, 

 have, invariably, a soft, muddy bottom. That part of 

 the state which lies west of the mountains is, for 



