64 



CAROLINE. 



names of Marion, Sumter, and Lee conferred honour 

 on the state. Tin- existing -ovenmient or constitu- 

 tion of South Carolina was adopted June 3, 1790, 

 amended Dec. 17, 1808, and again Dec. 19, 1816. 

 See Carey and Lea'* Allot. 



CAROLINE AMELIA ELIZABETH ; wife of 

 George IV., king of Great Britain and Hanover, se- 

 cond daughter of duke Charles William Ferdinand 

 of Brunswick (who was mortally wounded in the bat- 

 tle of Auerstadt), and of the princess Augusta of 

 England, sister of George III. She was born, May 

 17, 1768. The young princess spent her youth in 

 her father's court, under much constraint, till 1795, 

 wheu she was married to the prince of Wales, after- 

 wan Is George IV. The next year, she rejoiced the 

 royal family and the British nation by the birth of a 

 daughter, Charlotte Augusta. (Charlotte died Nov. 

 4, 1817, wife of prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg.) 

 She had scarcely recovered from her confinement, 

 when her husband abandoned her, declaring that no 

 one could force his inclinations. This was the be- 

 ginning of the disgraceful dispute between the two 

 parties, which lasted till the death of Caroline, and 

 exposed her honour to repeated accusations from her 

 husband; while George III., and all the British na- 

 tion, favoured the deserted bride. (See George If.) 

 The princess of Wales lived retired from the court, 

 at a country-seat at Blackheath, where she devoted 

 herself to the arts and sciences, to benevolence and 

 the gratification of her taste, till 1808. Meanwhile, 

 many reports were circulated, accusing her of illicit 

 connexions with captain Manly, Sir Sidney Smith, 

 and others, and of being the mother of a boy ; on 

 account of which the king instituted an inquiry into 

 her conduct, by a ministerial committee. They exa- 

 mined a great number of witnesses, and acquitted the 

 princess of the charge, declaring, at the same time, 

 that she was guilty of some imprudences, which had 

 given rise to unfounded suspicions. The king con- 

 firmed this declaration of her innocence, and paid 

 her a visit of ceremony. She afterwards received 

 equal marks of esteem from the princes, her bro- 

 thers-in-law. The duke of Cumberland attended 

 the princess to court and to the opera. The re- 

 ports above mentioned were caused by the adher- 

 ents of the prince of Wales and the court of the 

 reigning queen, who was very unfavourably disposed 

 towards her daughter-in-law. On this occasion, as 

 on many others, the nation manifested the most en- 

 thusiastic attachment to the princess. In 1813, the 

 public contest was renewed between the two parties ; 

 the princess of Wales complaining, as a mother, of 

 the difficulties opposed to her seeing her daughter. 

 The prince of Wales, then regent, disregarded these 

 complaints. Upon this, in July 1814, the princess 

 obtained permission to go to Brunswick, and, after- 

 wards, to make the tour of Italy and Greece. She 

 now began her celebrated journey through Germany, 

 Italy, Greece, the Archipelago, and Syria, to Jeru- 

 salem, hi which the Italian oergami was her con- 

 fidant and attendant. Many infamous reports were 

 afterwards circulated, relating to the connexion be- 

 tween the princess and Bergami. On her journey, 

 she received grateful acknowledgments for her liber- 

 ality, her kindness, and her generous efforts for the 

 relief of the distressed. She afterwards lived hi 

 Italy a great part of the time, at a country-seat on 

 lake Como. When the prince of Wales ascended the 

 British throne, Jan. 29, 1820, lord Hutchinson of- 

 fered her an income of 50,000 sterling, the name 

 of queen of England, and every title appertaining to 

 that dignity, on the condition that she would never 

 return to England. She refused the proposal, and 

 asserted her claims, more firmly than ever, to the 

 rights of a British queen, complained of the ill treat- 



ment shown to her, nnd exposed the conspiracies 

 against her, which had been contrived by a secret 

 agent, the Baron de Ompteda, of Milan. Attempts 

 at a reconciliation led to no favourable result, slu 

 at length adopted the bold resolution to return to 

 England, where she was neither expected nor wished 

 for oy the ministry, and, amid the loudest expressions 

 of the public joy, arrived from Calais, .lime 5, and, 

 the next day, entered London in triumph. The mi- 

 nister, lord Liverpool, now accused the queen before 

 the parliament, for the purpose of exposing her in 

 universal contempt as an adulteress. Whatever the 

 investigations of the parliament may have brou-h!. 

 to light, the public voice was louder than ever in 

 favour of the queen ; and, after a protracted in\ es- 

 tigation, the bill of pains and penalties was passed 

 to a third reading only by a majority of 123 to 95 ; 

 and the ministers deemed it prudent to delay pro- 

 ceeding with the bill for six months, which was equi- 

 valent to withdrawing it. Thus ended this revolting 

 process, which was, throughout, a flagrant outrage on 

 public decency. In this trial, Mr Brougliam acted 

 as the queen's attorney-general, Mr Denman as her 

 solicitor, and Drs Lushington, Williams, and Wilde 

 as her counsel. Though oanished from the court of 

 the king, her husband, the queen still lived at Bran- 

 denburg house, in a manner suitable to her rank, un- 

 der the protection of the nation. In July, 1821, at 

 the coronation of George IV., she first requested to 

 be crowned, then to be present at the ceremony. 

 But, by an order of the privy council, both requests 

 were denied, and, notwithstanding the assistance of 

 the opposition, she suffered the personal humiliation 

 of being repeatedly refused admission into Westmin- 

 ster abbey. She then published hi the public papers 

 her protest against the order of the privy council. 

 Soon after her husband's departure to Ireland, July 

 30, in consequence of the violent agitation of her 

 mind, she was suddenly taken sick in Drury lane 

 theatre. An inflammation of the bowels (enteritis) 

 succeeded, and she foretold her own death before 

 the physicians apprehended such an event. She died 

 Aug. 7, 1821. The corpse, according to her last 

 will, was removed to Brunswick, where it rests among 

 the remains of her ancestors. Her tomb-stone has 

 a very short inscription, in which she is called the 

 unhappy queen of England. The removal and the 

 entombing of her mortal remains gave rise to many 

 disturbances, first in London, and afterwards in Bruns- - 

 wick. These were founded more in opposition to 

 the arbitrary measures of the ministry than hi respect 

 for the memory of the queen. Two causes operated 

 much in favour of the queen the unpopularity of 

 the ministry and the general feeling that the king 

 was perhaps the last man hi the whole kingdom, who 

 had a right to complain of the incontinencies of his 

 wife, which many, even of her friends, undoubtedly 

 believed. 



CAROLINE LAWS. See Carolina. 



CAROLINE MATILDA, born 1751, daughter of 

 Frederic Lewis, prince of Wales, married, 1766, 

 king Christian VII. of Denmark, and became mo- 

 ther of the present king of Denmark, Frederic VII., 

 who was born 1768. Though young and beautiful, 

 and universally esteemed by the nation, yet she was 

 treated with hatred and neglect by the grandmother 

 of her husband, queen Sophia Magdalena, as well as 

 by his step-mother, Juliana Maria, who, for some 

 time, influenced even her husband against her. Stra- 

 ensee (q. v.), by profession a physician, the favourite 

 of the king, became her friend, and both, hi union 

 with Brandt, endeavoured to gain the king from the 

 influence of the party opposed to the queen. The 

 reins of government came into the hands of Strucn- 

 see, but the party of the king's step-mother and her 



