c 



CARRO CARROLL. 



Assyria), white pigeons are trained with the least dif- 

 ficulty. The first pigeon used as a messenger, some 

 consider to be that which Noah sent from the ark, 

 and which returned with the leaf of the olive. An 

 actual post-system, in which pigeons were the mes- 

 sengers, was established by the sultan Noureddin 

 Mahmood, who died in 1174. It was unproved and 

 extended by the caliph Ahmed Alraser-Lidiv-Allah, 

 of Bagdad, who died in 1225. The price of a well- 

 trained pair of such pigeons was, at that time, 1000 

 dinars, that is, Arabic ducats. This flying post lasted 

 till 1258, when Bagdad fell into the hands of the 

 Mongols, and was destroyed by them. At present, 

 only a few wealthy individuals in the east keep these 

 pigeons. It requires much time and patience to train 

 them. As soon as the young (a cock and a hen are 

 preferred) are fledged, they are made as tame as pos- 

 sible, and accustomed to each other's society. They 

 are then sent, in an uncovered cage, to the place 

 whither they are usually to carry messages. If one 

 of them is carried away, after liaving been well 

 treated for some time, it will certainly return to its 

 mate. A small letter is written on the finest silk- 

 paper, sometimes on a particular kind called bird- 

 paper. This is placed lengthwise under one wing, 

 and fastened with a pin (the point being turned from 

 the body) to a feather. It needs not to be mention- 

 ed, that no part of the letter must hang loose, lest 

 the wind should be collected in it, the whig become 

 tired, and the pigeon be compelled to alight. A 

 pigeon of this kind can go a distance of upwards of 

 1000 parasangs (more than 2700 English miles) in a 

 day. There were similar posts in Egypt, in 1450, 

 for which columbaries were prepared in towers, erect- 

 ed at certain distances for the public security. This 

 custom is, however, not confined to the nations of the 

 east. Decius Brutus, according to the elder Pliny's 

 account, sent despatches from Modena by pigeons ; 

 and in modem times, they were made use of, during 

 the Dutch war, by the inliabitants of Haerlem, when 

 besieged in 1573, and in Leyden,in 1574. It is also 

 well known, that some merchants in Paris and Am- 

 sterdam employ carrier-pigeons, in order that the 

 course of exchange and the prices of stocks, in Paris, 

 may be known as soon as possible in Amsterdam. 



CARRO, GIOVAN.VI DI ; a physician of Milan, who 

 settled in Vienna. He is celebrated for his efforts 

 in spreading inoculation, as a protection from the 

 small-pox, in Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Rus- 

 sia. He found means to overcome even the preju- 

 dices of the Turks, by sending to lord Elgin, at Con- 

 stantinople, in 1800, a quantity of virus, together 

 with a work of his, translated into Turkish, on in- 

 oculation. All the attempts of the British to intro- 

 duce inoculation into India had been hitherto unsuc- 

 cessful, because the virus liad always been spoiled on 

 the way. Carro procured the matter from Lombar- 

 dy cows, for doctor Harford, at Bagdad. It retained 

 all its strength, and was the means of imparting the 

 tenefits of kine-pock inoculation to India, which the 

 Indians consider as derived from a sacred cow, and 

 to which they liave given the name of amurtum (im- 

 mortality). Carro's Observations et Experiences sur 

 la Vaccination, avec tine Planche coloree (Vienna, 

 1801 and 1802), and his translation (Vienna, 1802, 

 of an English work, by J. J. Loy, on the origin of 

 tlie kine-pock virus, are very valuable works. In 

 the Bibliotheque Britannique are some letters deserv- 

 ing of notice, written by him, particularly one, dated 

 August 27, 1803, on the antipestilential nature of 

 the kine-pock matter. 



CARROLL, CHARLES, for many years the last 

 survivor of the signers of the American Declaration 

 of Independence, was born at Annapolis, in Mary- 

 land, on the 20th of September, 1737. His grand- 



father, an Irish Catholic of rank, educated for a bar- 

 rister, emigrated from Ireland to Maryland in the 

 year 1691. The "surviving signer" received his 

 classical instruction on the continent of Europe, at 

 the college of Louis le Grand, studied the civil law 

 at Bourges, and completed his general education in 

 Paris. Thence he repaired to London, where he 

 took apartments in the temple for a course of British 

 jurisprudence. In 1764, he came back to Mary- 

 land, to enter upon a princely inheritance. Embark- 

 ing hi politics, he exerted his talents and influence 

 against the stamp act, with as much earnestness as 

 if he had nothing to lose, and had never lived under 

 monarchical rule abroad. In 1770, he distinguished 

 himself, particularly by opposing a stretch ot prero- 

 gative on the part of the royal governor of Mary- 

 land, in a series of essays, signed the First Citizen, 

 that obtained a complete triumph for the popular 

 party, and for the author, even before he was ascer- 

 tained, fervid compliments and thanks from all quar- 

 ters. His decided and active participation, during 

 die years 1773, 1774, and 1775, in all the measures 

 of resistance to the ministerial policy, confirmed the 

 confidence of the people in his dispositions and abili- 

 ties. Testimony is furnished of his having, as early 

 as 1772, foreseen and resolved to breast the occur- 

 rence of war. He entered the provincial convention 

 in 1775, and, previous to his election as a member of 

 congress, in 1776, was deputed, by the latter body, 

 to Canada, with Franklin and Chase. He returned 

 from his mission during the discussion in congress of 

 the subject of independence, with an avidity for the 

 declaration which prompted him to every endeavour for 

 the immediate conversion of the Maryland legislature 

 to that measure. He served assiduously as a member 

 of the board of war, and continued in congress until 

 the year 1778, after which he confined liimself to the 

 internal state business. In the year 1781, he was 

 re-elected to the senate of Maryland, in which he 

 had already served five years, .and, hi 1788, was 

 chosen to represent Maryland in the senate of the 

 United States, immediately after the adoption of the 

 federal constitution. After 1801, he lived in retire- 

 ment. In 1825, one of Mr Carroll's grand-daughters 

 was married to the marquis of Wellesley, then vice- 

 roy of Ireland. Mr Carroll died Nov. 14th, 1832. 



CARROLL, JOHN, first Catholic bishop of the 

 United States, was born in Maryland, hi the year 

 1734. His parents were Catholics of distinguished 

 respectability, and sent him, at the age of thirteen, 

 to the college of St Omer's, in Flanders, where he 

 remained for six years, when he was transferred to 

 the colleges of Liege and Bruges. In 1769, he was 

 ordained a priest, and soon after became a Jesuit. 

 In 1770, he accompanied lord Stourton, the son 

 of an English Catholic nobleman, on a tour through 

 Europe, in the capacity of private tutor; and, on 

 his return to Bruges, in 1773, accepted a profes- 

 sorship in the college. Shortly afterwards, he was 

 on the point of going back to his native country ; 

 but his voyage was prevented by the intelligence of 

 the entire suppression of the Jesuits by the pope ; 

 and he retired to England, where he resided until 

 1775, when he returned to America. His stay in 

 Europe was prolonged in order that he might assist 

 his brethren in procuring a mitigation of the severe 

 sentence that had been passed upon them. He acted 

 as secretary-general to the dispersed fathers in their 

 remonstrances with the courts by which they had 

 been persecuted. Upon his arrival in Maryland, he 

 entered upon the duties of a parish priest. In 1776, 

 at the. solicitation of congress, he accompanied 

 doctor Franklin, Charles Caroll of Carrollton, and 

 Samuel Chase, on a mission to Canada, designed 

 to induce the people of that province to preserve a 



