CARVING CAUV. 



of their having been disposed of elsewhere by those I 

 to whom the governor liud intrusted them, he found 

 it necessary to return to la I'mirie du Chien. He 

 then, in the beginning of the year 1707, directed his 

 steps northward, \viili a view of finding a communi- 

 cation from the heads of the Mississippi into lake Su- 

 perior, in order to meet, at tlie grand portage on the 

 northwest side of that lake, the trailers that usually 

 come, about this season, from Michillimackinac, from 

 whom he intended to purchase goods, and then to pur- 

 sue his journey. He readied lake Superior in good 

 time; but, unfortunately, the trailers whom he met 

 there could not furnish him with any goods, as they had 

 barely enough for their own purposes, and, in con- 

 sequence, he was obliged to return to the place 

 whence he first departed, which he did in October, 

 1768, after remaining some months on the north and 

 east borders of lake buperior, and exploring the bays 

 and rivers that empty themselves into tliat body of 

 water. He soon after repaired to England, with the 

 view of publishing his journal and cliarts, and of ob- 

 taining a reimbursement for the expenses which he 

 had incurred. Having undergone a long examination 

 before the lords commissioners of trade and planta- 

 tions, he received permission to publish his papers ; 

 but, when they were nearly ready for the press, an 

 order was issued from the council-board, requiring 

 him to deliver immediately into the plantation-office 

 all his cliarts and journals. He was, consequently, 

 obliged to re-purdiase them, at a great expense, 

 from the bookseller to whom he had disposed of 

 them a loss for which he received no indemnifica- 

 tion, but was forced to be satisfied with that obtained 

 for his other expenses. He had fortunately kept 

 copies of Ids papers, and he published them ten years 

 afterwards, in Boston, while in the situation of clerk 

 of a lottery. Having sold his name to an historical 

 compilation, which was published in 1779, in folio, 

 entitled The New Universal Traveller, containing an 

 account of all the empires, kingdoms, and states in 

 the known world, he was abandoned by those whose 

 duty it was to support him, and died in want of the 

 common necessaries of life, in 1780, aged forty-eight 

 years. Besides his travels above noticed, captain 

 Carver published a tract on the culture of tobacco. 



CARVING, is the art of cutting a hard body by 

 means of a sharp instrument, and is a term generally 

 employed in speaking of figures cut out in wood, in 

 contradistinction to sculpture or figures cut upon 

 metal or stone. One of the most ingenious and use- 

 ful purposes to which carving has been converted is 

 that of fashioning wood prints or blocks for printing. 

 The wood employed for this purpose is generally the 

 beech, peartree, or boxwood ; but any kind of hard 

 wood will answer, although that of the box is pre- 

 ferred, as being of a close grain, and not subject to 

 be preyed upon by the worm. White lead, well 

 ground up, and mixed with water and size, is then to 

 be spread over the smooth surface of the block, and 

 well polished when dry, by rubbing it strongly. The 

 subject to be carved is to be drawn on paper, which 

 is to be pasted on, with strong flour paste, with the 

 face of the drawing towards the block. When it has 

 dried, the paper is to be gently damped with a moist 

 sponge, and the paper rubbed off, leaving the black 

 lines of the drawing upon the white surface of the 

 wood. The wood fe then to be cut away, leaving 

 only the black lines standing out in relief. Hugo da 

 Carpi was in the habit of using three blocks, one of 

 which contained the outline, and the two others the 

 shadows and half tints, and in this manner he pro- 

 duced the most exact and faithful imitations of draw- 

 ings on tinted paper, with the lights heightened with 

 white. Rubens, Titian, Lucas van Leyden, and 

 Albert Durer, and Parmigiana, executed engravings 



on wooden blocks ; and, in our own times, Mr Bewick 

 of Newcastle brought the art to great perfection, and 

 rediscovered some parts of the process which had 

 been lost. It has the advantage of combining great 

 freedom and precision of outline, and can he intro- 

 duced into type frames, and printed at the Mime lime, 

 so that, as an embellishment for books, it is much 

 cheaper than copperplate engraving, to which, how- 

 ever, it yields both in delicacy and clearness. 



GARY, Lucius (viscount Falkland), one of those 

 rare characters who serve as proverbial instances of 

 social excellence, was born about the year 1610. 

 Being carried young into Ireland, he received part 

 of hi> education at Trinity college, Dublin, and part 

 at St John's college, Cambridge. His youth did not 

 pass without irregularities, but they were suddenly 

 closed by his marriage with a young lady of small 

 fortune, whom he passionately loved. After passing 

 some time abroad, he returned home, and devoted 

 himself to a life of retirement, and the cultivation of 

 polite literature. In 1633, he was appointed one of 

 the gentlemen of the liedcliamber to Charles I., but 

 still chiefly resided at his seat at Burford, near Ox- 

 ford, which he made a kind of academy of learned 

 men, being continually surrounded by the most emi- 

 nent men of the neighbouring universities. Here it 

 was that Chillingworth composed his famous work 

 against popery ; and questions of morals, theology, 

 aiid literature, were discussed, in a congenial circle, 

 with the utmost freedom. Lord Falkland himself 

 was deeply read in works of controversy ; but in him 

 they produced only strictness of principle, and an 

 aspiration after perfection, without debasing the man 

 in the exaltation of the scholar. In 1639, he joined 

 the expedition against Scotland ; and, in 1640, his 

 peerage being Scottish, he was chosen member of the 

 house of commons for Newport, in the Isle of Wight. 

 In the first instance, like many of the most honour- 

 able characters of the day, he warmly supported par- 

 liament. He spoke with severity against Finch and 

 Strafford, and was so disgusted with the proceedings 

 of Laud, that he concurred in the first bill for depriv- 

 ing the bishops of a vote in the house of lords. A 

 strong attachment, however, to established forms, 

 and some doubts of the ultimate objects of the parlia- 

 mentary leaders, caused him to retract ; and he after- 

 wards strongly opposed the same measure. He still, 

 however, kept at a distance from the court ; but his 

 high character rendered it so great an object to gain 

 him over to the king's service, that at length he was 

 induced to accept a seat in the council, and the office 

 of secretary of state. While in office, he refused to 

 employ spies or open suspected letters. He very de- 

 cidedly embraced the party of the king, when hosti- 

 lities commenced, and attended him at the battle of 

 Edge-hill, and the siege of Gloucester. A view, 

 however, of the evils impending over the country, 

 and, very probably, a conviction of sinister objects 

 on both sides, broke his spirits. He would frequently 

 sit abstracted among his friends, and, sighing deeply, 

 exclaim, " Peace, peace !" and exhibit every sign of 

 grief and anxiety. His closing scene almost proves 

 a determination to die in battle, as he volunteered 

 his services at the battle of Newbury, without a com- 

 mand, and, putting himself in the front rank of lord 

 Byron's regiment, was struck from his horse by a 

 musket-shot, and was found, the next day, dead up- 

 on the field. Such was the fate of lord Falkland, 

 at the age of thirty-four; and while the universal 

 praises which he has received are, doubtless, very 

 much owing to the elaborate character drawn of him 

 by his friend Clarendon, there can lie no doubt of the 

 strict integrity of his character and intentions. Asa 

 man of active talent, he claims little admiration, and 

 was evidently framed for that life of studious retire- 



