102 



CATHEDRAL CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION. 



during the engagement of her forces with tnoso of 

 tire regent Murray, at Langside, and there she wit- 

 nessed the extinction of her hopes. A hawthorn 

 bush, called queen Mary's thorn, marked out the spot 

 where she stood, till it decayed through age ; ano- 

 ther lias been planted in its place. The name Cath- 

 cart is derived from Caer Cart, the castle of Cart, 

 and the old pronunciation is still popularly retained. 

 The family of Cathcart obtained a peerage from James 

 II. in 1442. Population of the parish in 1831, 2282. 

 CATHEDRAL ; the Episcopal church of a dio- 

 ( ( -.. The word is derived from the Greek xztfiV, 

 a seat or bench. From the early times of the Christ- 

 iau church, the bishop presided in the presbytery, or 

 the assembly of priests. He was seated on a cliair, 

 a little higher tlian that of the others. The whole 

 meeting of priests was called cathedra ; and, at a 

 later period, when Christians were allowed to build 

 churches, this name was applied to the Episcopal 

 churches, and the name basilica to the particular 

 churches erected in honour of a saint or a martyr. 

 In the middle ages, the cathedral received the form 

 of the cross. Several of the old churches are mas- 

 terpieces of Gothic architecture. Among these are 

 the cathedral at Oviedo, that at Milan [see Storia e 

 Descrizione del Duomo diMUano (commenced in 1387, 

 and not yet finished), by Gael. Franchetti, with en- 

 gravings ; Milan, 1821, 4toJ ; those at Toledo and 

 Burgos ; those at Rouen, Rheims, Amiens, and the 

 church of Notre-Dame, in Paris (see Cathedrales 

 Francaises, dessinees, lithogr. et publ. par Chapuy, 

 avec un Atlas historique et descriptif, par Jolimont, 36 

 numbers, Paris, 1823, et seq. It contains views of 

 twenty-five cathedrals). Those at Lund, Drontheim, 

 Upsal, at York, Salisbury, and Canterbury, also 

 Westminster abbey, are celebrated (see J. Britton's 

 History and Antiquities of the Metropolitan Church of 

 Canterbury, London, 1823, with engravings; and 

 Cathedral Antiquities, by the same author). The 

 cathedrals at Oppenheim, Ulm, Marburg, Meissen, 

 Freiburg (q. v.), in the Brisgau, are fine buildings 

 (see Dr Moller's Denkmale der Deutschen Baukunst, 

 Darmstadt, 1825 ; and F. W. Schwechten's Der Dom 

 zu Meissen, bildl. dargest. u. beschr, Berlin, 1826, three 

 nos.). Respecting the cathedral of Cologne, see 

 Boisseree. (For further information, see Wieoeking's 

 work Die Kathedralem von Rheims und York, nebst 

 den Grundrissen von 42 andern merkwurdigen Kirch- 

 en, Munich, 1825, fol., with engravings.) In Rome 

 there has appeared, since 1822, the Collection of the 

 oldest Christian Churches, or Basilicas, of Rome, 

 from the 4th to the 13th century ; drawn and pub- 

 lished by J. G. Gutensohn and J. M. Knapp (archi- 

 tects) ; accompanied by an Archaeol. Histor. Des- 

 cription, by Anth. Nibby, professor of Archazology in 

 the University at Rome ; seven numbers, each con- 

 taining seven plates. From a work published at Mi- 

 lan, entitled Chiese principals d'Europa, we extract 

 the following measurements of celebrated buildings. 



St Peter's, at Rome. 



English feet. 



Width of the cathedral 233 



External diameter of the cupola, . . . 158 

 Total height, 448 



Cathedral at Milan. 



Feet. 



\Vidthofthefront, 216 



Width of the cross . . 251 



Total height, 350 



1'antheon at Rome. 



Pieds*. 



Length of the portico, 103 



Width of io., 61 



* The measurements of thin edifice are given in feet ; but 

 they are neither Roman nor Parisian.uor tiiy other feet we are 

 icquaiiiOvi with. 



Interior diameter, \yi 



Height from the pavement to the summit of 

 the cupola, 131 



St Stephen's, at Vienna. 



Fwt. 



Width of the fa jade, 148 



Great tower, from the ground to the top of 



the cross, i.'iii 



Greatest breadth between the two chin 



towers, 235 



Santa A f aria del Flore, Florence. 



Feet. 



Whble. length ->^ 



Total height, 380 



CATHERINE. See Catharine. 



CATHERINE'S, ST ; an island near Brazil, in the 

 South Atlantic ocean; Ion. 47 15 7 W.; lat. 27 Itf 

 S. It is twenty-four miles in length and six iii 

 breadth, and contains above 30,000 inhabitants. San- 

 ta Cruz is its principal fort. 



CATHOLIC CHURCH. See Roman Catholic 

 Church. 



CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION. Emancipation, 

 with the Romans, signified the release of a son from 

 the power of Ms father, or of a slave from that of his 

 master. It was performed before the pretor, attend- 

 ed by certain solemnities. By the emancipation of 

 the Catholics is understood the abolition of those ci- 

 vil and ecclesiastical restrains to which the Catholics 

 of Great Britain, and particularly of Ireland, were 

 once subjected. Ireland, from the time of its subju- 

 gation, was maltreated by its conquerors ; and re- 

 peated attempts, on the part of the natives, to free 

 themselves from foreign domination, only increased 

 the severity of their nuers. (See Orangemen.) The 

 Catholic inhabitants of the country were excluded 

 from public offices, and from all participation in the 

 choice of members of parliament. None but the 

 Anglo-Irish, belonging to the Episcopal church, which 

 haa now become the established church in Ireland 

 men who possessed the greatest part of the landed 

 property, that had been torn from the original inha- 

 bitants were eligible to public offices, or to a seat 

 in parliament. In this oppressed condition the Irish 

 Catholics remained till 1793. But when the princi- 

 ples disseminated at the time of the French revolu- 

 tion produced a general fermentation, which extend- 

 ed to the Irish Catholics, a lively desire was awaken- 

 ed in them to obtain equal rights with their Protest- 

 ant fellow citizens. They were supported in Eng- 

 land itself by a very respectable party. Burke re- 

 peatedly spoke in parliament in favour of their eman- 

 cipation. In 1792, they presented a petition, pray- 

 ing for the abolition of all the restrictions to which 

 they had hitherto been subjected. Upon this, a re- 

 commendation was addressed from the throne to the 

 Irish parliament to contrive means for the meliora- 

 tion of the condition of the Catholics. Accordingly, 

 the Irish act, so called, was passed in 1793, which 

 conferred the elective franchise on the Catholics, 

 threw open to them all employments in the army in 

 Ireland, and all offices in the navy. Three offices in 

 the army only were excepted those of the command- 

 er -in-chief, master-general of the ordnance, and ge- 

 nerals on the staff. They continued to be excluded, 

 however, from thirty public offices, and from parlia- 

 ment an arrangement which could not be changed 

 without a repeal of the corporation and test acts (q. 

 v.). A part of the Irish Catholics were satisfied with 

 the concessions. Another party, however, encou- 

 raged by a few noblemen who had entered into con- 

 nexion with France, cherished the hope that Ireland 

 would succeed, with the help of France, in freeing 

 itself from the British power. An insurrection speed- 



