CATOPTRICS CATULLUS. 



107 



various philosophical subjects. He then retired to 

 his chamber, and read the Phcedo of Plato. Antici- 

 pating his intentions, his friends had taken away his 

 sword. On finding that it was gone, he called his 

 slaves, and demanded it with apparent equanimity ; 

 but when they still delayed to bring it, he struck one 

 of die slaves, who was endeavouring to pacify him. 

 His son and his friends came with tears, and be- 

 sought him to refrain from his purpose. At first he re- 

 proached his son for disobedience, then calmly 

 advised those present to submit to Cassar, and dis- 

 missed all but the philosophers Demetrius and Apol- 

 lonius, whom he asked if they knew any way by 

 which he could continue to live without being false to 

 his principles. They were silent, and left him, weep- 

 ing. He then received his sword joyfully, again 

 read Phcedo, slept a while, and, on awaking, sent to 

 .the port to inquire if his friends had departed. He 

 heard, with a sigh, that the sea was tempestuous. 

 He had again sunk into slumber, when word was 

 brought liim that the sea was calm, and that all was 

 tranquil in the harbour. He appeared satisfied, and 

 was scarcely alone when he stabbed himself with his 

 sword. The people rushed in, and took advantage 

 of a swoon, into which he had fallen, to bind up his 

 wounds ; but, on coming to himself, be tore off the 

 bandages, and expired (44 B. C.). The Uticans 

 buried him honourably, and erected a statue to him. 

 But Caesar, when he heard the news of his death, 

 exclaimed, " I grudge thee thy death, since thou 

 hast grudged me the honour of sparing thy life." 

 The truly Roman virtue of Cato has been celebrated 

 by Lucan, in his Pharsalia, in a truly Roman style, 

 with the words 



Victrix causa diis plucuit, sed victa Catoni. 



CATOPTRICS (from xtwrpt, a mirror); the 

 science which treats of reflected light. See Optics. 



C ATRINE ; a village of Scotland, pleasantly situ- 

 11 ted on the northern Dank of the river Ayr, about 

 fourteen miles from the town of that name, and thirty- 

 two south of Glasgow. It was constructed, in 1787, 

 by Mr Alexander of Ballochmyle, and Mr David 

 Dale of Glasgow, for the accommodation of the 

 workers employed in the extensive cotton factories 

 erected there at the same time. The population of 

 the place may be about 3,000. It is provided with 

 a good library and schools. 



CATS, JAMES ; born in 1577, at Brouwershaven, 

 in Zealand ; one of the fathers of the Dutch language 

 and poetry. He studied at Leyden and Orleans. 

 In 1627 and 1631 he was ambassador to England, 

 and afterwards grand pensioner of Holland. His 

 poetry is distinguished for simplicity, naivete, rich- 

 ness of imagination, and winning though unpretend- 

 ing morality. His works consist of allegories, ac- 

 cording to the taste of his times, poems on the differ- 

 ent ages and situations of life, idyls, &c. He died hi 

 1660. 



CATSKILL MOUNTAINS ; a range of moun- 

 tains in New York, much the highest in the state. 

 They extend along to the west of the Hudson, from 

 which their base is, at the nearest point, eight miles 

 distant. The principal summits are in Greene coun- 

 ty. The two most elevated peaks are Round Top 

 and High Peak. The former, according to the mea- 

 surement of captain Partridge, is 3804 feet above the 

 level of tide water ; and the latter, 3718 feet. The 

 Catskill mountains present scenery of singular beauty 

 and grandeur, and liave become a noted resort of 

 travellers during the summer. On a level tract of 

 about seven acres, called Pine Orchard, elevated 

 2214 feet above the level of tide water, a large and 

 commodious house has been erected for the accommo- 

 dation of visitors. It is situated directly on the brow 



of the mountain, and commands an enchanting view 

 of the country on both sides of the Hudson, embrac- 

 ing a ti-act about 100 miles hi length and 50 in 

 breadth. This place, which is twelve miles from the 

 town of Catskill, is approached by a good turnpike 

 road, which winds up the side of the mountain. 

 Two miles west of Pine Orchard are the fine cascades 

 of the Kaaterskill, a stream which is supplied by two 

 small lakes situated high in the mountains. The up- 

 per fall is 175 feet in height ; and a few rods below 

 is the other, of 80 feet, both perpendicular. The 

 stream passes into a deep and very picturesque ra- 

 vine, which is bordered by mountains rising abruptly 

 1000 or 1500 feet. 



CATSUP. See Ketchup. 



CATTARO ; a seaport in Dalmatia, capital of a 

 circle of the same name (formerly called Venetian 

 Albania), at the bottom of the gulf of Cattaro (bocche 

 di Cattaro), on the E. side of the Adriatic ; twenty- 

 five miles W. N. W. Scutari, thirty S. S. E. Ragnsa ; 

 Ion. 18" 58' E. ; lat. 42 17' N. ; population, 2,500. 

 It is a bishop's see. It contains a cathedral, seven- 

 teen Catholic churches and chapels, one Greek 

 church, and an hospital. It has a remarkable liar- 

 bour, one of the most secure in Europe, being de- 

 fended by a castle and strong battlements, and en- 

 closed with rocks of such height, that the sun is seen 

 in winter only a few hours in the day. Population 

 of the circle, 31,570 ; square miles, 296. 



CATTEGAT ; a large gulf of the North sea, be- 

 tween North Jutland to the W., Norway to the E., 

 and the Danish islands of Zealand, Funen, &c., to the 

 S. ; about 120 miles from N. to S., and between 60 

 and 70 from E. to W. The adverse winds which of- 

 ten prevail here render the navigation dangerous. 

 The Cattegat is noted for its herring fishery. It 

 contains the islands Samsoe, Anholt, Lessee, and 

 Hertzholm. 



C ATTI ; one of the most renowned and valiant 

 German tribes. They inhabited what is now Hesse, 

 also part of Franconia and Westphalia. They car- 

 ried on bloody wars with the Hermunduri and Che- 

 rusci. In the time of Cassar they dwelt on the Lahn, 

 and opposed him with effect. Drusus defeated with- 

 out reducing them. In the reign~of Marcus Aureli- 

 us they made incursions into Germany and Thrace, 

 but were afterwards defeated by Didius Julianus. In 

 392 they made their last appearance in liistory in 

 union with the Franks. According to Caesar, their 

 territory was divided into. 100 districts, each of which 

 was obliged to send annually 1000 men into the field, 

 whose place was supplied the following year by those 

 who had before remained at home to cultivate the 

 ground. Their food was milk, cheese, and game ; 

 their dress the skins of animals. Their limited prin- 

 ces, who governed in connexion with a diet, annually 

 distributed the lands among the families. See Ger- 

 mania. 



CATULLUS, CAIUS VALERIUS, a famous Roman 

 poet, born, B. C. 86, at Verona (according to some, 

 at Sirmium, a small town on a peninsula of lake Be- 

 nacus, now lago di Garda), of rich and respectable 

 parents, went, hi his youth, to Rome, where his ac- 

 complishments soon won liim the favour of those who 

 adorned that splendid era. He was the friend of Ci- 

 cero, of Plancus, China, and Cornelius Nepos ; to the 

 last he subsequently dedicated the collection of his 

 poems. This collection is not of great extent, but 

 shows what he was capable of doing in several kinds 

 of poetry, had he preferred a steady course of study 

 to pleasure and travelling. Probably a part of his 

 poems have not come down to us. 6i the merit of 

 his productions there has been but one opinion among 

 the ancients as well as moderns. Tibullus and Ovia 

 eulogize him ; and Martial, in one of his epigrams, 



